Predictors of long-term anxiety and depression in uveal melanoma survivors: A cross-lagged five-year analysis
Abstract
Objective
Cancer survivors commonly experience long-term anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression might result from problems emerging during survivorship rather than illness and treatment. This study tested three potential causal paths: (a) concerns about physical symptoms and functional problems and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) arising during survivorship directly cause anxiety and depression, (b) an indirect path whereby FCR mediates effects of concerns about physical symptoms and functional problems on anxiety and depression, and (c) a reciprocal path whereby anxiety and depression cause concerns about physical symptoms and functional problems and FCR, which exacerbate later anxiety and depression.
Methods
Sample of 453 uveal melanoma survivors who completed observations 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-months post-diagnosis and did not miss two consecutive observations. Cross-lagged analyses were conducted to predict Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscale scores. Symptoms and functional problems were measured using the EORTC OPT 30 scale, and FCR operationalised by the EORTC OPT 30 worry about recurrence scale. Covariates were age, gender, treatment modality, and visual acuity of the fellow eye and chromosome-3 status (which accurately predicts 10-year survival), worry and anxiety or depression.
Results
All paths received some support, although the indirect path emerged only for anxiety in females. Concerns about physical symptoms, functional problems, and FCR originated in survivorship and appeared to both influence and be influenced by anxiety and depression.
Conclusions
Findings emphasise the importance of actively monitoring survivors to prevent, detect, and intervene in the development of anxiety and depression during survivorship.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data available on request from the first author. Researchers may contact the author for data access. Ethical clearance may be required before data can be provided.
