Special Issue Article
Individual Differences in Habitual Social Goals and Daily Well-Being: The Role of Age and Relationship Closeness
Jana Nikitin,
Alexandra M. Freund,
Corresponding Author
Jana Nikitin
Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Correspondence to: Jana Nikitin, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 62a, Basel 4055, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandra M. Freund
Department of Psychology, and University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorJana Nikitin,
Alexandra M. Freund,
Corresponding Author
Jana Nikitin
Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Correspondence to: Jana Nikitin, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 62a, Basel 4055, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandra M. Freund
Department of Psychology, and University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
There is a robust evidence that social approach goals (i.e. approach of positive social outcomes) have positive consequences and social avoidance goals (i.e. avoidance of negative social outcomes) have negative consequences for subjective well-being in young adulthood. Little is known about individual differences in social goals in later life. The current diary study with young (n = 212), middle-aged (n = 232), and older adults (n = 229) tested––and supported––the hypotheses that age (i) differentially predicts the strength of habitual approach and avoidance goals in close and peripheral relationships and (ii) moderates the relation of approach and avoidance goals in peripheral (but not close) relationships and daily outcomes (subjective well-being, subjective health, and satisfaction with social encounters). Older adults compared to younger adults reported higher levels of avoidance goals in peripheral (but not close) relationships. Younger adults who reported high levels of approach goals and older adults who reported high levels of avoidance goals in peripheral relationships experienced the most positive daily outcomes. In addition, social goals moderated some of the associations between (positive and negative) daily interactions and daily outcomes. Results underscore the importance of the closeness of social partners for individual differences in social goals across adulthood. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
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| per2190-sup-0001-supplementary_material.docxWord 2007 document , 145.4 KB |
Table S1. List of Items Assessing Habitual Approach and Avoidance Goals in Very Close, Close, and Peripheral Relationships Table S2. Measurement Invariance in Social Approach Goals across the Age Groups (Young, Middle-Aged, Older Adults) Table S3. Measurement Invariance in Social Avoidance Goals across the Age Groups (Young, Middle-Aged, Older Adults) Table S4. Estimates of the Structural Equation Models Testing Measurement Invariance of Social Approach Goals across the Age Groups Table S5. Estimates of the Structural Equation Models Testing Measurement Invariance of Social Avoidance Goals across the Age Groups Table S6. Habitual Approach Goals, Age, and Relationship Closeness as Predictors of Habitual Avoidance Goals Table S7. Social Approach Goals in Very Close Relationships and Age as Predictors of Social Avoidance Goals in Very Close Relationships Table S8. Social Approach Goals in Close Relationships and Age as Predictors of Social Avoidance Goals Close Relationships Table S9. Social Approach Goals in Peripheral Relationships and Age as Predictors of Social Avoidance Goals in Peripheral Relationships Table S10. Approach and Avoidance Goals in Very Close Relationships as Predictors of Daily Outcomes Table S11. Predictors of Daily Outcomes for Close Encounters (Compared to Other Encounters) Table S12. Predictors of Daily Outcomes for Peripheral Encounters (Compared to Other Encounters) Figure S1. Structural equation model used for the measurement-invariance tests for social approach goals (example for circle #1, person #1). appgvc1 = approach goals in very close relationships (circle #1), person #1. c1p1_apg1 = circle #1, person #1, approach goal #1. c1p1_agg2 = #1, person #1, approach goal #2, etc. Figure S2.. Structural equation model used for the measurement-invariance tests for social avoidance goals (example for circle #1, person #1). avgvc1 = avoidance goals in very close relationships (circle #1), person #1. c1p1_avg1 = circle #1, person #1, avoidance goal #1. c1p1_avg2 = circle #1, person #1, avoidance goal #2, etc. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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