TERMINOLOGY, CONSENSUS ARTICLE, BEST PRACTICE POLICIES
The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction
Carlos D'Ancona,
Bernard Haylen,
Matthias Oelke, Luis Abranches-Monteiro,
Edwin Arnold, Howard Goldman, Rizwan Hamid,
Yukio Homma, Tom Marcelissen,
Kevin Rademakers,
Alexis Schizas,
Ajay Singla, Irela Soto, Vincent Tse, Stefan de Wachter, Sender Herschorn, On behalf of the Standardisation Steering Committee ICS and the ICS Working Group on Terminology for Male Lower Urinary Tract & Pelvic Floor Symptoms and Dysfunction,
Corresponding Author
Carlos D'Ancona
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Correspondence
Carlos D'Ancona, MD, PhD, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Dr Miguel Penteado 1073, Campinas − SP. CED 13020-118, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBernard Haylen
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorLuis Abranches-Monteiro
Hospital Beatriz Ângelo Loures, Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRizwan Hamid
University College Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorTom Marcelissen
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorKevin Rademakers
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAlexis Schizas
Guy's & St Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorOn behalf of the Standardisation Steering Committee ICS and the ICS Working Group on Terminology for Male Lower Urinary Tract & Pelvic Floor Symptoms and Dysfunction
Search for more papers by this authorCarlos D'Ancona,
Bernard Haylen,
Matthias Oelke, Luis Abranches-Monteiro,
Edwin Arnold, Howard Goldman, Rizwan Hamid,
Yukio Homma, Tom Marcelissen,
Kevin Rademakers,
Alexis Schizas,
Ajay Singla, Irela Soto, Vincent Tse, Stefan de Wachter, Sender Herschorn, On behalf of the Standardisation Steering Committee ICS and the ICS Working Group on Terminology for Male Lower Urinary Tract & Pelvic Floor Symptoms and Dysfunction,
Corresponding Author
Carlos D'Ancona
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Correspondence
Carlos D'Ancona, MD, PhD, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Dr Miguel Penteado 1073, Campinas − SP. CED 13020-118, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBernard Haylen
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorLuis Abranches-Monteiro
Hospital Beatriz Ângelo Loures, Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRizwan Hamid
University College Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorTom Marcelissen
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorKevin Rademakers
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAlexis Schizas
Guy's & St Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorOn behalf of the Standardisation Steering Committee ICS and the ICS Working Group on Terminology for Male Lower Urinary Tract & Pelvic Floor Symptoms and Dysfunction
Search for more papers by this authorCarlos D'Ancona (Content) and Bernard Haylen (Production) are equal first authors.
Abstract
Introduction
In the development of terminology of the lower urinary tract, due to its increasing complexity, the terminology for male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction needs to be updated using a male-specific approach and via a clinically-based consensus report.
Methods
This report combines the input of members of the Standardisation Committee of the International Continence Society (ICS) in a Working Group with recognized experts in the field, assisted by many external referees. Appropriate core clinical categories and a subclassification were developed to give a numeric coding to each definition. An extensive process of 22 rounds of internal and external review was developed to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision-making by collective opinion (consensus).
Results
A Terminology Report for male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction, encompassing around 390 separate definitions/descriptors, has been developed. It is clinically-based with the most common diagnoses defined. Clarity and user-friendliness have been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in all the different specialty groups involved in male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor dysfunction. Male-specific imaging (ultrasound, radiology, CT, and MRI) has been a major addition whilst appropriate figures have been included to supplement and help clarify the text.
Conclusions
A consensus-based Terminology Report for male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction has been produced aimed at being a significant aid to clinical practice and a stimulus for research.
REFERENCES
- 1 Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 28th edn. Baltimore, USA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2006.
- 2 Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1988; 114: 5–19.
- 3 Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Report from the standardisation subcommittee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002; 21: 167–178.
- 4 Haylen BT, Chetty N. International Continence Society 2002 Terminology Report. Have urogynecological diagnoses been overlooked?International continence society 2002 terminology report. have urogynecological diagnoses been overlooked? Int Urogynecol J. 2007; 18: 373–377.
- 5 Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010; 29: 4–20; International Urogynecology J. 2010,21:5-26.
- 6 Haylen BT, Freeman RM, Swift SE, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Terminology and Classification of complications related directly to the insertion of prostheses (meshes, implants, tapes) and grafts in female pelvic floor surgery. Int Urogynecol J. 2011; 22: 3–15.
- 7 Haylen BT, Freeman RM, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint terminology and classification of the complications related to native tissue female pelvic floor surgery. Int Urogynecol. 2012; 23: 515–526; Neurourol Urodyn. 2012, 31(4):406–414.
- 8 Toozs-Hobson P, Freeman R, Barber M, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) / International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for reporting outcomes of surgical procedures for pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol. 2012; 23: 527–535; Neurourol Urodyn. 2012,31(4): 415–421.
- 9 Haylen BT, Maher CF, Barber MD, et al. International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Report on the Terminology for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Int Urogynecol J. 2016; 4: 655–684; Neurourol Urodyn, 2016,35(2):137–168.
- 10 Sultan AH, Monga A, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Report on the Terminology for Anorectal Dysfunction in Women. Int Urogynaecol J. 2017; 28: 5–31; Neurourol Urodyn. 2017, 36: 10–34.
- 11 Bo K, Frawley H, Haylen BT, et al. International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) / International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Report on the Terminology for the Conservative and Non-pharamacological Management of Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2017; 28: 191–213; Neurourol Urodyn. 2017, 36: 221-244.
- 12 Rogers R, Thakar R, Petri E, et al. International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the sexual health in women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2018; 29: 647–666; Neurourol Urodyn, 37: 1220-1240, 2018.
- 13 Gazewski JB, Schurch B, Hamid R, et al. An International Continence Society (ICS) Report on the terminology for adult neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (ANLUTD). Neurourol Urodyn. 2018; 37: 1152–1161.
- 14 Oelke M, Wiese B, Berges R. Nocturia and the impact on health related quality of life and health care seeking behavior in German community-dwelling men aged 50 or older. World J Urol. 2014; 32: 1155–1162.
- 15 Milsom I, Abrams P, Cardozo L, Roberts RG, Thüroff J, Wein AJ. How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study. BJU Int. 2001; 87: 760–766.
- 16 Larsson G, Victor A. Micturition patterns in a healthy female population, studied with a frequency/volume chart. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1988; 114: 53–57.
- 17 Larsson G, Abrams P, Victor A. The frequency/volume chart in detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn. 1991; 10: 533–543.
- 18 Hashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, et al. An International Continence Society (ICS) Report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018; For publication in Neurourol Urodyn. early 2019.
- 19 Clavell-Hernandez J, Martin C, Wang R. Orgasmic dysfunction following radical prostatectomy: review of current literature. Sex Med Rev. 2018; 6: 124–134.
- 20 Hambrook D, Bream V. Cognitive behaviour therapy for paruresis. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2017; 45: 79–84.
- 21 Stoffel JT, Peterson AC, Sandhu JS, Suskind AM, Wei JT, Lightner DJ. AUA white paper on nonneurogenic chronic urinary retention: Consensus definition, treatment algorithm, and outcome end points. J Urol. 2017; 198: 153–160.
- 22 Chapple CR, Osman NI, Birder L, et al. Terminology Report from the International Continence Society (ICs) working group on the underactive bladder (UAB). Neurourol Urodyn. 2018; 37: 2928–2931.https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23701
- 23 Doggweiler R, Whitmore KE, Meijink JM, et al. A standard for terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes: a report from the chronic pelvic pain working group of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017; 4: 984–1008.
- 24 Heytens S, De Sutter A, Coorevits L, et al. Women with symptoms of a urinary tract infection but a negative urine culture: PCR-based quantification of Escherichia coli suggests infection in most cases. Eur Urol. 2017; 23: 647–652.
- 25NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH consensus panel on impotence. JAMA. 1993; 270: 83–90.
- 26 Redmon JB, Thomas W, Ma W, et al. Study for future families research group: the study for future families. Andrology. 2013; 6: 806–814.
- 27 Norton C, Christansen J, Butler U, et al. Anal incontinence. In: P Abrams, CL Khoury, A Wein, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth: Health Publications Ltd; 2002: 985–1044.
- 28 Drossman DA, Hassler WL. Rome IV—Functional GI disorders of gut-brain interaction. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150: 1257–1261.
- 29 Burkhard F, Lucas M, Berghmans LC, et al. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. 2016; http://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-UrinaryIncontinence-2016.pdf
- 30 Gravas S, Bach T, Bachmann A, et al. EAU Guidelines on Management of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), incl. Benign Prostatic Obstruction (BPO). 2016; http://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-Management-of-non-neurogenic-male-LUTS-2016.pdf
- 31 Gerber GS, Brendler CB. Evaluation of the urologic patient. In: A Wein, LR Kavoussi, AW Partin, CA Peters, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elseveir; 2016: 1–25.
- 32 Link RE, Rosen T. Cutaneous diseases of the external genitalia. In: A Wein, LR Kavoussi, AW Partin, CA Peters, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elseveir; 2016: 387–420.
- 33 Palmer LS, Palmer JS. Management of abnormalities of the external genitalia in boys. In: A Wein, LR Kavoussi, AW Partin, CA Peters, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elseveir; 2016: 3368–3398.
- 34 Nickel JC. Inflammatory and pain conditions of the male genitourinary tract; prostatitis and related pain conditions, orchitis, and epididymitis. In: A Wein, Kavoussi, AW Partin, CA Peters, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elseveir; 2016: 304–333.
- 35 McVary KT, Roehrborn CG, Avins AL, et al. Update on AUA guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2011; 185: 1793–1803.
- 36 Roehrborn CG, Girman CJ, Rhodes T, et al. Correlation between prostate size estimated by digital rectal examination and measured by transrectal ultrasound. Urology. 1997; 49: 548–557.
- 37 Roehrborn CG, Sech S, Montoya J, Rhodes T, Girman CJ. Interexaminer reliability and validity of a three-dimensional model to assess prostate volume by digital rectal examination. Urology. 2001; 57: 1087–1092.
- 38 Agarwal P, Rosenberg ML. Neurological evaluation of urinary incontinence in female patient. Neurologist. 2003; 9: 110–117.
- 39 Ertekin C, Reel F. Bulbocavernosus reflex in normal men and in patients with neurogenic bladder and/or impotence. J Neurol Sci. 1976; 28: 1–15.
- 40 Moore C. Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence and Other Pelvic Floor Disorders. AUA University 2016.
- 41 Staskin DR, Kelleher CJ, Bosch R, et al. Initial assessment of urinary incontinence in adult males and female patients. In: P Abrams, L Cardozo, S Khoury, A Wein, eds. Incontinence. 5th edn. Paris: ICUD-EAU; 2013. 361–428. The ISBN is 978-9953-493-21-3.
- 42 Messelink B, Benson T, Berghmans B, et al. Standardization of terminology of pelvic floor muscle function and dysfunction: Report from the Pelvic Floor Clinical Assessment Group of the International Continence Society. Neurol Urodyn. 2005; 24: 374–380.
- 43 Frawley H, Shelley B, Morin M, et al. (2018) An International Continence Society (ICS) Report on the Terminology for Pelvic Floor Muscle Function and Dysfunction. In Committee. For publication in Neurourol Urodyn in 2019.
- 44 Lazzeri M, Guazzoni G, Montorosi F. Pelvic floor muscle training after prostate surgery. Lancet. 2012; 379: 120–121.
- 45 Neumann PB, O'Callaghan M. The role of puborectal muscle function assessed by transperineal ultrasound in urinary incontinence outcomes at 3,6 and 12 months after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy. Int Neurol J. 2018; 22: 114–122.
- 46 Stafford RE, van den Hoorn W, Coughlin G, Hodges PW. Postprostectomy incontinence is related to pelvic floor displacements observed with trans-perineal ultrasound imaging. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018; 37: 658–665.
- 47 Stafford RE, Coughlin G, Lutton NJ, Hodges PW. Validity of estimation of pelvic floor muscle activity from transperineal ultrasound imaging in men. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10: e0144342.
- 48 van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Chaikin D, Donovan J, Fonda D, Jackson S, et al. The standardisation of terminology in nocturia: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002; 21: 179–183.
- 49 Homma Y, Yamaguchi O, Kageyama S, Nishizawa O, Yoshida M, Kawabe K. Nocturia in the adult: classification on the basis of largest voided volume and nocturnal urine production. J Urol. 2000; 163: 777–781.
- 50 Blanker MH, Bernsen RM, Bosch JL, Thomas S, Groeneveld FP, Prins A, et al. Relation between nocturnal voiding frequency and nocturnal urine production in older men:a population-based study. Urology. 2002; 60: 612–616.
- 51 van Doorn B, Blanker MH, Kok ET, Westers P, Bosch JL. Prevalence, incidence, and resolution of nocturnal polyuria in a longitudinal community-based study in older men: the Krimpen study. Eur Urol. 2013; 63: 542–547.
- 52 Hofmeester I, Kollen BJ, Steffens MG, et al. Impact of the International Continence Society (ICS) report on the standardisation of terminology in nocturia on the quality of reports on nocturia and nocturnal polyuria: a systematic review. BJU Int. 2015; 115: 520–536.
- 53 Burton C, Weiss JP, Parsons M, Blaivas JG, Coats AC. Reference values for the nocturnal bladder capacity index. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011; 30: 52–57.
- 54 Groutz A, Blaivas JG, Chaikin DC, et al. Noninvasive outcome measures of urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms: a multicenter study of micturition diary and pad tests. J Urol Sept. 2000; 164: 698–701.
- 55 Mouritsen L, Berild G, Hertz J. Comparison of different methods for quantification of urinary leakage in incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn. 1989; 8: 579–587.
- 56 Schäfer W, Abrams P, Liao L, et al. Good Urodynamic practices: uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002; 21: 261–274.
- 57 Rosier PFWM, Schaefer W, Lose G, et al. International Continence Society Good Urodynamic Practices and Terms 2: Urodynamics, uroflowmetry, cystometry and pressure-flow study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017; 36: 1243–1260.
- 58 Bates P, Glen ES, Griffiths D, et al. For the International Continence Society. Second report on the standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Procedures related to the evaluation of micturition—flow rate, pressure measurement, symbols. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1977; 11: 197–199.
- 59 Drake WM, Jr. The uroflowmeter: an aid to the study of the urinary tract. J Urol. 1948; 59: 650–658.
- 60 Haylen BT, Ashby D, Sutherst JR, Frazer MI, West CR. Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal male and female populations—the Liverpool Nomograms. Brit J Urol. 1989; 64: 30–38.
- 61 Siroky MB, Olssen CA, Krane RJ. The flow rate nomogram. I. development. J Urol. 1980; 122: 665–668.
- 62 Siroky MB, Olssen CA, Krane RJ. The flow rate nomogram. I. Clinical Correlation. J Urol. 1980; 123: 208–216.
- 63 Agarwal MM, Choudhury S, Mandal AK, Mavuduru R, Singh SK. Are urine flow-volume nomograms developed on Caucasian men optimally applicable for Indian men? Need for appraisal of flow-volume relations in local population. Indian J Urol. 2010; 26: 338–344.
- 64 Haylen BT, Parys BT, Ashby D, West CR. Urine flow rates in male and female urodynamic patients compared with the Liverpool nomograms. Brit J Urol. 1990; 65: 483–488.
- 65 Haylen BT, Frazer MI, Sutherst JR. Diuretic response to fluid load in women with urinary incontinence: an optimum pad test duration. Brit J Urol. 1988; 62: 331–333.
- 66 Haylen BT, Frazer MI, MacDonald JH. Assessing the effectiveness of different urinary catheters in emptying the bladder − an application of transvaginal ultrasound. Neurourol Urodyn. 1989; 8: 331–333; Br J Urology. 1989, 64: 353–356.
- 67 Whitfield HN. Textbook of Genitourinary Surgery. Oxford: Blackwell; 1998. 485.
- 68 Kok ET, Schouten BW, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FB, Thomas S, Bosch JL. Risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in a community based population of healthy aging men: the Krimpen Study. J Urol. 2009; 181: 710–716.
- 69 Berges R, Oelke M. Age-stratified normal values for prostate volume, PSA, maximum urinary flow rate, IPSS, and other LUTS/BPH indicators in the German male community-dwelling population aged 50 years or older. World J Urol. 2011; 29: 171–178.
- 70 Cerqui AJ, Haylen BT, O'Shea P. Residual urine volumes in a normal male population. Urodinamica. 2001; 11: 9–12.
- 71 D'Ancona CA, Gomes MJ, Rosier PF. ICS teaching module: cystometry (basic module). Neurourol Urodyn. 2016; 36: 1673.
- 72 Gelhrich AP, Hill MJ, McWilliams GD, Larsen W, McCartin T. Comparison of urodynamic volume measurements using room and body temperature saline: a double-blinded randomized crossover study design. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2012; 18: 170–174.
- 73 Al-Hayek S, Belal M, Abrams P. Does the patient's position influence the detection of detrusor overactivity? Neurourol Urodyn. 2008; 27: 279–286.
- 74 Klevmark B. Natural pressure-volume curves and conventional cystometry. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1999; 201: 1–4.
- 75 Wyndaele JJ, De Wachter S. Cystometrical sensory data from a normal population. Comparison of two groups of young healthy volunteers examined with a 5 year interval. Eur Urol. 2002; 42: 34–38.
- 76 Wyndaele JJ. Normality in urodynamics studied in healthy adults. J Urol. 1999; 161: 899–902.
- 77 Wyndaele JJ, Gammie A, Bruschini H, et al. Compliance—what does it represent: can we measure it or is it clinically relevant? Neurourol Urodyn. 2011; 30: 714–722.
- 78 Toppercer A, Tetreault JP. Compliance of the bladder: an attempt to establish normal values. Urology. 1979; 14: 204–205.
- 79 Musco S, Padilla-Fernández B, Del Popolo G, et al. Value of urodynamic findings in predicting upper urinary tract damage in neuro-urological patients: a systematic review. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018; 37: 1522–1540.
- 80 Lose G, Griffith D, Hosker D, et al. Standardization of urethral pressure measurement: report from the Standardization Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002; 21: 258–260.
- 81 Tarcan T, Demirkesen O, Plata M, Castro-Diaz D. ICS teaching module: detrusor leak point pressures in patients with relevant neurological abnormalities. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017; 36: 259–262.
- 82 McGuire EJ, Cespedes RD, O'Connell HE. Leak-point pressures. Urol Clin North Amer. 1996; 23: 253–262.
- 83 Oelke M, Rademakers KL, van Koeveringe GA. Detrusor contraction power parameters (BCI and Wmax) rise with increasing bladder outlet obstruction grade in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: results from a urodynamic database analysis. World J Urol. 2014; 32: 1177–1183.
- 84
Stöhrer M,
Goepel M,
Kondo A, et al. The standardization of terminology in neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.
Neurourol Urodyn.
1999; 18: 139–158.
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6777(1999)18:2<139::AID-NAU9>3.0.CO;2-U CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 85 Tanagho EA, Miller ER. The initiation of voiding. Brit J Urol. 1970; 42: 175–183.
- 86 Gajewski JB, Rosier PFWM, Rahnama'I S, Abrams P. Do we assess urethral; function adequately in lower urinary tract dysfunction and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction? Neurourol Urodyn. 2017; 36: 935–942.
- 87 Griffiths D, Höfner K, von Mastrigt R, et al. The standardization of lower urinary tract function: pressure-flow studies of voiding, urethral resistance and urethral obstruction. Neurol Urodyn. 1997; 16: 521–532.
- 88 Ahmed HU, Shergill IS, Arya M, Shah PJ. Management of detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2006; 3: 368–380.
- 89 Lim CS, Abrams P. The Abrams-Griffiths Nomogram. World J Urol. 1995; 13: 34–39.
- 90 Schäfer W. Analysis of bladder outlet function with the linearized passive urethral resistance relation (lin-PURR) and a disease specific approach for grading obstruction from complex to simple. World J Urol. 1995; 13: 47–58.
- 91 Schäfer W. Principles and clinical applications of advanced urodynamic analysis of voiding function. Urol Clin Nth Am. 1995; 17: 553–566.
- 92 Höfner K, Kramer AE, Tan HK, Krah H, Jonas U. CHESS Classification of bladder outlet obstruction: a consequence in the discussion of current concepts. World J Urol. 1995; 13: 59–64.
- 93 Bacsu C-D, Chan L, Tse V. Diagnosing detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in the neurological patient. BJU Int. 2012; 109: 31–34.
- 94 Schurch B, Schmid DM, Karsenty G, Reitz A. Can neurologic examination predict type of detrusor sphincter- dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury. J Urol. 2004; 65: 243–246.
- 95 Griffiths CJ, Rix D, Mac Donald AM, Drinnan MJ, Pickard RS, Ramsden PD. Noninvasive measurement of bladder pressure by controlled inflation of penile cuff. J Urol. 2002; 1676: 1344–1347.
- 96 Van Mastrigt R, de Zeeuw S, Boeve ER, Groen J. Diagnostic Power of the non-invasive condom catheter method in patients eligible for transurethral resection of the prostate. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014; 33: 40–43.
- 97 D'Ancona CA, Bassani JW, Querne FA, Carvalho J, Oliveira RR, Netto NR, Jr. New method for minimally invasive urodynamic assessment in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology. 2008; 71: 75–78.
- 98 Hakenberg OW, Ryall RI, Langlois SI, Marshall VR. The estimation of bladder volume by sonocystography. J Urol. 1983; 130: 249–252.
- 99 Hvarness H, Skjoldbye B, Jakobsen H. Urinary bladder measurements: comparison of three ultrasound calculation methods. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2002; 36: 177–181.
- 100 Haylen BT, Parys BT, West CR. Transrectal ultrasound in the measurement of residual urine volumes in men. Neurourol Urodyn. 1989; 8: 327–328.
- 101 Oelke M, Höfner K, Jonas U, et al. Ultrasound measurements of detrusor wall thickness in healthy adults. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006; 25: 308–317.
- 102 Oelke M, Höfner K, Wiese B, Grünewald V, Jonas U. Increase in detrusor wall thickness indicates bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in men. World J Urol. 2002; 19: 443–452.
- 103 Oelke M, Höfner K, Jonas U, dela Rosette JJ, Ubbink DT, Wijkstra H. Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests to evaluate bladder outlet obstruction in men: detrusor wall thickness, post-void residual urine and prostate volume. Eur Urol. 2007; 52: 827–835.
- 104
Elsaid W,
Mosharafa A,
Elfayoumy H, et al. Detrusor wall thickness compared to other non-invasive methods with bladder outlet obstruction: a prospective controlled study.
African J Urol.
2013; 19: 160–164.
10.1016/j.afju.2013.03.003 Google Scholar
- 105 Manieri C, Carter SS, Romano G, Trucchi A, Valenti M, Tubaro A. The diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction in men by ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness. J Urol. 1998; 159: 761–765.
- 106 Kojima M, Inui E, Orchiai E, et al. Ultrasound estimation of bladder weight as a measure of bladder hypertrophy in men with infravesical obstruction: a preliminary report. Urology. 1996; 47: 942–947.
- 107 Ukimura OI, Kojima M, Iwata T, Inaba M, Miki T. Ultrasound measurement of bladder weight as a novel urodynamic modality. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003; 539: 311–315.
- 108 Yuen JS, Ngiap JT, Cheng CW, Foo KT. Effect of bladder volume on transabdominal measurements of intravesical prostatic protrusion and volume. Int J Urol. 2002; 9: 225–229.
- 109 Chia SJ, Heng CT, Chan SP, Koo KT. Correlation of intravesical prostatic protrusion with bladder outlet obstruction. BJU Int. 2003; 91: 371–374.
- 110 Abdool Z, Sultan A, Thakar R. Ultrasound imaging of the anal sphincter complex: a review. Brit J Radiology. 2012; 85: 865–875.
- 111 Schizas AMP, Ahmad AN, Emmanuel AV, Williams AB. Synchronized functional anal sphincter assessment: maximizing the potential of anal vector manometry and 3-D anal endosonography. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 28: 1075–1082.
- 112 Whiteside G, Bates P. Synchronous video pressure-flow cystourethrography. Urol Clin Nth Am. 1979; 6: 93–102.
- 113
Harisinghani M. The male pelvis. In: MG Harisinghani, ed.
Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America. Vol.
22.
Elsevier;
2014: 129–262. PMID 24792681.
10.1016/j.mric.2014.02.001 Google Scholar
- 114 Mungovan SF, Sandhu JS, Akin O, Smart NA, Graham PL, Patel MI. Preoperative membranous urethral length measurement and continence recovery following radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2017; 71: 368–378.
- 115 Irwin DE, Abrams P, Milsom I, Kopp Z, Reilly K. EPIC Study Group Understanding the elements of overactive bladder: questions raised by the EPIC study. BJU Int. 2008; 101: 1381–1387.
- 116 Herschorn S, Gajewski J, Schulz J, Corcos J. A population-based study of urinary symptoms and incontinence: the Canadian Urinary Bladder Survey. BJU Int. 2008; 101: 52–58.
- 117 Shamliyan TA, Wyman JF, Ping R, Wilt TJ, Kane RL. Male urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, and preventive interventions. Rev Urol. 2009; 11: 145–165.
- 118 Rassweiler J, Teber D, Kuntz R, Hofmann R. Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TUrP)-incidence, management, and prevention. Eur. Urol. 2018; 50: 969–979.
- 119American Urological Association. Guideline on the Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) [online], http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/clinical-guidelines, 2010.
- 120 Wilson LC, Gilling PJ. Post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: a review of surgical treatment options. BJU Int. 2011; 107: 7–10.
- 121 Herschorn S. Challenges in lower urinary tract and pelvic floor disorders: where do we go from here? Can Urol Assoc J. 2013; 7: S189–S191.
- 122 Walsh PC, Partin AW, Epstein JI. Cancer control and quality of life following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: results at 10 years. J Urol. 1994; 152: 1831–1836.
- 123 Jeong SJ, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of detrusor underactivity among elderly with lower urinary tract symptoms: a comparison between men and women. Korean J Urol. 2012; 53: 342–348.
- 124 Leblanc G, Tessier J, Schick E. The importance and significance of post-micturitional bladder residue in the evaluation of prostatism. Prog Urol. 1995; 5: 511–514.
- 125 Griffiths HJ, Castro J. An evaluation of the importance of residual urine. Br J Radiol. 1970; 43: 3–409.
- 126 Oelke M, Baard J, Wijkstra H, de la Rosette JJ, Jonas U, Höefner K. Age and bladder outlet obstruction are independently associated with detrusor overactivity in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2008; 54: 419–429.
- 127 Oelke M, Rademakers KLJ, Van Koeveringe GA, FORCE Research Group, Maastricht & Hannover. Development of a bladder outlet resistence-bladder contractility nomogram for adult male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Neurol Urodyn. 2016; 35: 980–986.
Citing Literature
