Phase-independent thermometry by Z-spectrum MR imaging
Corresponding Author
Alessandro M. Scotti
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Correspondence
Alessandro M. Scotti, Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFrederick Damen
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJin Gao
Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWeiguo Li
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorChong Wee Liew
Physiology and Biophysics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorZimeng Cai
School of Medical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhuoli Zhang
Radiology Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKejia Cai
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Alessandro M. Scotti
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Correspondence
Alessandro M. Scotti, Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFrederick Damen
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJin Gao
Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWeiguo Li
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorChong Wee Liew
Physiology and Biophysics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorZimeng Cai
School of Medical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhuoli Zhang
Radiology Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKejia Cai
Radiology Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Purpose
Z-spectrum imaging, defined as the consecutive collection of images after saturating over a range of frequency offsets, has been recently proposed as a method to measure the fat–water fraction by the simultaneous detection of fat and water resonances. By incorporating a binomial pulse irradiated at each offset before the readout, the spectral selectivity of the sequence can be further amplified, making it possible to monitor the subtle proton resonance frequency shift that follows a change in temperature.
Methods
We tested the hypothesis in aqueous and cream phantoms and in healthy mice, all under thermal challenge. The binomial module consisted of 2 sinc-shaped pulses of opposite phase separated by a delay. Such a delay served to spread out off-resonance spins, with the resulting excitation profile being a periodic function of the delay and the chemical shift.
Results
During heating experiments, the water resonance shifted downfield, and by fitting the curve to a sine function it was possible to quantify the change in temperature. Results from Z-spectrum imaging correlated linearly with data from conventional MRI techniques like T1 mapping and phase differences from spoiled GRE.
Conclusion
Because the measurement is performed solely on magnitude images, the technique is independent of phase artifacts and is therefore applicable in mixed tissues (e.g., fat). We showed that Z-spectrum imaging can deliver reliable temperature change measurement in both muscular and fatty tissues.
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