Correspondence to: Sean B. Fain, PhD, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 1133 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA. E-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this author

Kai D. Ludwig,

Kai D. Ludwig

orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-9346

Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Diego Hernando,

Diego Hernando

Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Nathan T. Roberts,

Nathan T. Roberts

Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Ruud B. van Heeswijk,

Ruud B. van Heeswijk

Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland

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Sean B. Fain,

Corresponding Author

Sean B. Fain

[email protected]

Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

First published: 22 August 2017

https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26874

Citations: 11

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Abstract

Purpose

To develop a chemical shift encoding (CSE) approach for fluorine-19 MRI of perfluorocarbons in the presence of multiple known fluorinated chemical species.

Theory and Methods

A multi-echo CSE technique is applied for spectral separation of the perfluorocarbon perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE) and isoflurane (ISO) based on their chemical shifts at 4.7 T. Cramér-Rao lower bound analysis is used to identify echo combinations with optimal signal-to-noise performance. Signal contributions are fit with a multispectral fluorine signal model using a non-linear least squares estimation reconstruction directly from k-space data. This CSE approach is tested in fluorine-19 phantoms and in a mouse with a 2D and 3D spoiled gradient-echo acquisition using multiple echo times determined from Cramér-Rao lower bound analysis.

Results

Cramér-Rao lower bound analysis for PFCE and ISO separation shows signal-to-noise performance is maximized with a 0.33 ms echo separation. A linear behavior (R² = 0.987) between PFCE signal and known relative PFCE volume is observed in CSE reconstructed images using a mixed PFCE/ISO phantom. Effective spatial and spectral separation of PFCE and ISO is shown in phantoms and in vivo.

Conclusion

Feasibility of a gradient-echo CSE acquisition and image reconstruction approach with optimized noise performance is demonstrated through fluorine-19 MRI of PFCE with effective removal of ISO signal contributions. Magn Reson Med 79:2183–2189, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Supporting Information

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Citing Literature

Volume79, Issue4

April 2018

Pages 2183-2189

A chemical shift encoding (CSE) approach for spectral selection in fluorine-19 MRI

Abstract

Purpose

Theory and Methods

Results

Conclusion

Supporting Information

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

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A chemical shift encoding (CSE) approach for spectral selection in fluorine-19 MRI

Abstract

Purpose

Theory and Methods

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Conclusion

Supporting Information

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

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