Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia
David C. Alsop
Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJohn A. Detre
Departments of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorXavier Golay
Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMatthias Günther
Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Mediri GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJeroen Hendrikse
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorLuis Hernandez-Garcia
FMRI Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHanzhang Lu
Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBradley J. MacIntosh
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorLaura M. Parkes
Centre for Imaging Science, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMarion Smits
Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMatthias J. P. van Osch
C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorDanny J. J. Wang
Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Eric C. Wong
Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Correspondence to: Eric C. Wong, UCSD Center for Functional MRI, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0677, La Jolla, CA 92093-0677. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGreg Zaharchuk
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
†With endorsement by the ASNR, the ASFNR, and 245 individual investigators. Endorsement list available as Supporting Information.
Search for more papers by this authorDavid C. Alsop
Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJohn A. Detre
Departments of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorXavier Golay
Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMatthias Günther
Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Mediri GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJeroen Hendrikse
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorLuis Hernandez-Garcia
FMRI Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHanzhang Lu
Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBradley J. MacIntosh
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorLaura M. Parkes
Centre for Imaging Science, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMarion Smits
Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMatthias J. P. van Osch
C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorDanny J. J. Wang
Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Eric C. Wong
Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Correspondence to: Eric C. Wong, UCSD Center for Functional MRI, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0677, La Jolla, CA 92093-0677. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGreg Zaharchuk
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
†With endorsement by the ASNR, the ASFNR, and 245 individual investigators. Endorsement list available as Supporting Information.
Search for more papers by this authorAuthors are listed in alphabetical order.
Abstract
This review provides a summary statement of recommended implementations of arterial spin labeling (ASL) for clinical applications. It is a consensus of the ISMRM Perfusion Study Group and the European ASL in Dementia consortium, both of whom met to reach this consensus in October 2012 in Amsterdam. Although ASL continues to undergo rapid technical development, we believe that current ASL methods are robust and ready to provide useful clinical information, and that a consensus statement on recommended implementations will help the clinical community to adopt a standardized approach. In this review, we describe the major considerations and trade-offs in implementing an ASL protocol and provide specific recommendations for a standard approach. Our conclusion is that as an optimal default implementation, we recommend pseudo-continuous labeling, background suppression, a segmented three-dimensional readout without vascular crushing gradients, and calculation and presentation of both label/control difference images and cerebral blood flow in absolute units using a simplified model. Magn Reson Med 73:102–116, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supporting Information
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.
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Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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