Review Article
MR lymphangiography in the treatment of lymphedema
Peter C. Neligan MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS,
Theodore A. Kung MD,
Jeffrey H. Maki MD, PhD,
Corresponding Author
Peter C. Neligan MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
Correspondence to: Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356410, Seattle, WA. Fax: +206 543 8136. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorTheodore A. Kung MD
Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey H. Maki MD, PhD
Search for more papers by this authorPeter C. Neligan MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS,
Theodore A. Kung MD,
Jeffrey H. Maki MD, PhD,
Corresponding Author
Peter C. Neligan MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
Correspondence to: Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356410, Seattle, WA. Fax: +206 543 8136. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorTheodore A. Kung MD
Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey H. Maki MD, PhD
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Lymphedema is a common condition frequently seen in cancer patients who have had lymph node dissection +/− radiation treatment. Traditional management is mainly non-surgical and unsatisfactory. Surgical treatment has relied on excisional techniques in the past. Physiologic operations have more recently been devised to help improve this condition. Assessing patients and deciding which of the available operations to offer them can be challenging. MRI is an extremely useful tool in patient assessment and treatment planning. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:18–22. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
REFERENCES
- 1 Lee B-B, Laredo J: Pathophysiology of primary lymphedema. In: P Neligan, J Masia, N Piller, editors. Lymphedema, complete medical and surgical management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2016.
- 2 Földi E: Pathophysiology of secondary lymphedema. In: P Neligan, J Masia, N Piller, editors. Lymphedema, complete medical and surgical management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2016.
- 3 Mitra D, Catalano PJ, Cimbak N, et al.: The risk of lymphedema after postoperative radiation therapy in endometrial cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2016; 27: e4.
- 4 Avraham T, Yan A, Zampell JC, et al.: Radiation therapy causes loss of dermal lymphatic vessels and interferes with lymphatic function by TGF-beta1-mediated tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299: C589–605.
- 5 Bentzen SM, Dische S: Morbidity related to axillary irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2000; 39: 337–347.
- 6 Melam GR, Buragadda S, Alhusaini AA, et al.: Effect of complete decongestive therapy and home program on health- related quality of life in post mastectomy lymphedema patients. BMC Womens Health 2016; 16: 23.
- 7 Ezzo J, Manheimer E, McNeely ML, et al.: Manual lymphatic drainage for lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 5: D003475.
- 8 Miller TA, Harper J, Longmire WP, Jr.: The management of lymphedema by staged subcutaneous excision. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1973; 136: 586–592.
- 9 Neligan PC: Excisional approaches. In: P Neligan, J Masia, N Piller, editors. Lymphedema, complete medical and surgical management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2016.
- 10 Dellon AL, Hoopes JE: The Charles procedure for primary lymphedema. Long-term clinical results. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977; 60: 589–595.
- 11 Brorson H: Liposuction normalizes lymphedema induced adipose tissue hypertrophy in elephantiasis of the Leg—A prospective study with a ten-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136: 133–134.
- 12 Brorson H: Liposuction in lymphedema treatment. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016; 32: 56–65.
- 13 Yamamoto T, Koshima I, Yoshimatsu H, et al.: Simultaneous multi-site lymphaticovenular anastomoses for primary lower extremity and genital lymphoedema complicated with severe lymphorrhea. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64: 812–815.
- 14 Mihara M, Hara H, Hayashi Y, et al.: Upper-limb lymphedema treated aesthetically with lymphaticovenous anastomosis using indocyanine green lymphography and noncontact vein visualization. J Reconstr Microsurg 2012; 28: 327–332.
- 15 Silva AK, Chang DW: Vascularized lymph node transfer and lymphovenous bypass: Novel treatment strategies for symptomatic lymphedema. J Surg Oncol 2016; 113: 932–939.
- 16 Tourani SS, Taylor GI, Ashton MW: Vascularized lymph node transfer: A review of the current evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137: 985–993.
- 17 Pons G, Masia J, Loschi P, et al.: A case of donor-site lymphoedema after lymph node-superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67: 119–123.
- 18 Sulo E, Hartiala P, Viitanen T, et al.: Risk of donor-site lymphatic vessel dysfunction after microvascular lymph node transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015; 68: 551–558.
- 19 Dayan JH, Dayan E, Smith ML: Reverse lymphatic mapping: A new technique for maximizing safety in vascularized lymph node transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135: 277–285.
- 20 Nguyen AT, Suami H: Laparoscopic free omental lymphatic flap for the treatment of lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136: 114–118.
- 21 Coriddi M, Skoracki R, Eiferman D: Vascularized jejunal mesenteric lymph node transfer for treatment of extremity lymphedema. Microsurgery 2016. doi: 10.1002/micr.30037 [Epub ahead of print].
- 22 Masia J, Pons G, Rodriguez-Bauza E: Barcelona lymphedema algorithm for surgical treatment in Breast cancer-Related lymphedema. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016; 32: 329–335.
- 23 Patel KM, Lin CY, Cheng MH: From theory to evidence: Long-term evaluation of the mechanism of action and flap integration of distal vascularized lymph node transfers. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31: 26–30.
- 24 Dionyssiou D, Demiri E, Tsimponis A, et al.: A randomized control study of treating secondary stage II breast cancer-related lymphoedema with free lymph node transfer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156: 73–79.
- 25 Akita S, Mitsukawa N, Kuriyama M, et al.: Comparison of vascularized supraclavicular lymph node transfer and lymphaticovenular anastomosis for advanced stage lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 74: 573–579.
- 26 Becker C: Autologous lymph node transfers. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016; 32: 28–33.
- 27 Chowdhry M, Rozen WM, Griffiths M: Lymphatic mapping and preoperative imaging in the management of post-mastectomy lymphoedema. Gland Surg 2016; 5: 187–196.
- 28 Chang L, Cheng MF, Chang HH, et al.: The role of lymphoscintigraphy in diagnosis and monitor the response of physiotherapeutic technique in congenital lymphedema. Clin Nucl Med 2011; 36: e11–e12.
- 29 Kleinhans E, Baumeister RG, Hahn D, et al.: Evaluation of transport kinetics in lymphoscintigraphy: Follow-up study in patients with transplanted lymphatic vessels. Eur J Nucl Med 1985; 10: 349–352.
- 30 Pain SJ, Barber RW, Ballinger JR, et al.: Tissue-to-blood transport of radiolabelled immunoglobulin injected into the web spaces of the hands of normal subjects and patients with breast cancer-related lymphoedema. J Vasc Res 2004; 41: 183–192.
- 31 Unno N, Nishiyama M, Suzuki M, et al.: Quantitative lymph imaging for assessment of lymph function using indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008; 36: 230–236.
- 32 Mihara M, Hara H, Araki J, et al.: Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography is superior to lymphoscintigraphy for diagnostic imaging of early lymphedema of the upper limbs. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e38182.
- 33 Mihara M, Hayashi Y, Hara H, et al.: High-accuracy diagnosis and regional classification of lymphedema using indocyanine green fluorescent lymphography after gynecologic cancer treatment. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 72: 204–208.
- 34 Narushima M, Yamamoto T, Ogata F, et al.: Indocyanine green lymphography findings in limb lymphedema. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016; 32: 72–79.
- 35 Mitsumori LM, McDonald ES, Wilson GJ, et al.: Mr lymphangiography: How i do it. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42: 1465–1477.
- 36 Maki JH, Neligan PC, Briller N, et al.: Dark blood magnetic resonance lymphangiography using dual-agent relaxivity contrast (DARC-MRL): A novel method combining gadolinium and iron contrast agents. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2016; 45: 174–179.
Citing Literature
