Review Article
Full Access
Separation of fuels, heavy fractions, and crude oils into compound classes: A review
Elsa Lundanes,
Tyge Greibrokk,
Elsa Lundanes
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Tyge Greibrokk
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorElsa Lundanes,
Tyge Greibrokk,
Elsa Lundanes
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Tyge Greibrokk
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorAbstract
Practically all the conventional chromatographic techniques are used in the characterization of the highly complex mixtures of organic compounds occurring in fuels, heavy fractions, and crude oils. This paper surveys the techniques employed for class determination, preparative fractionation of the main classes, and determination of subgroups after class fractionation.
References
- 1 ASTM Method D 1319 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.01. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1992) p. 480.
- 2 P. van Arkel, J. Beens, H. Spaans, D. Grutterink, and R. Verbeek, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 25 (1987) 141.
- 3 F. P. Di Sanzo and V. J. Giarrocco, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 258.
- 4 J. Curvers and P. van der Sluys, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 267.
- 5 J. Curvers and P. van den Engel, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 271.
- 6 J. J. Szakasits and R. E. Robinson, Anal. Chem. 63 (1991) 114.
- 7 K. Shiomi, M. Shimono, H. Arimoto, and S. Takahashi, HRC 14 (1991) 729.
- 8 J. P. Durand, Proc. 15th Int. Symp. on Cap. Chrom. 24–27 May 1993, Riva del Garda, Italy, p. 1396.
- 9 N. Kosal, A. Bhairi, and M. A. Ali, Fuel 69 (1990) 1012.
- 10 D. C. Villalanti and P. A. Wadsworth, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 31 (1993) 100.
- 11 I. Dzidic, H. A. Petersen, P. A. Wadsworth, and H. V. Hart, Anal. Chem. 64 (1992) 2227.
- 12 J. C. Suatoni, H. R. Garber, and B. E. Davis, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 13 (1975) 367.
- 13 T. V. Alfredson, J. Chromatogr. 218 (1981) 715.
- 14 G. Felix, A. Thienpont, M. Emmelin, and A. Faure, J. Chromatogr. 461 (1989) 347.
- 15 P. C. Hayes Jr. and S. D. Anderson, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 210.
- 16 G. Felix, E. Thoumazeau, J.-M. Colin, and G. Vion, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 10 (1987) 2115.
- 17 J. A. Apffel and H. McNair, J. Chromatogr. 279 (1983) 139.
- 18 R. L. Miller, L. S. Ettre, and N. G. Johansen, J. Chromatogr. 259 (1983) 393.
- 19 J. M. Colin and G. Vion, J. Chromatogr. 280 (1983) 152.
- 20 A. P. O'Brien and J. E. Ray, Analyst, 110 (1985) 593.
- 21 K. Jinno, C. Fujimoto, and S. Nakanishi, Chromatographia 20 (1985) 279.
- 22 P. Chartier, P. Gareil, M. Caude, R. Rosset, B. Neff, H. Burgognon, and J. F. Husson, J. Chromatogr. 357 (1986) 381.
- 23 M. Lienne, P. Gareil, R. Rosset, J. F. Husson, M. Emmelin, and B. Neff, J. Chromatogr. 395 (1987) 255.
- 24 J. F. McKay and D. R. Latham, Anal. Chem. 52 (1980) 1618.
- 25 S. Matsushita, Y. Tada, and T. Ikushige, J. Chromatogr. 208 (1981) 429.
- 26 P. C. Hayes Jr. and S. D. Anderson, U. S. Pat. 4,851,355 (1989).
- 27 P. C. Hayes Jr. and S. D. Anderson, U. S. Pat. 4,826,603 (1989).
- 28 P. C. Hayes Jr. and S. D. Anderson, J. Chromatogr. 437 (1988) 365.
- 29 W. A. Dark, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 5 (1982) 1645.
- 30 B. J. Fuhr, L. R. Holloway, C. Reichert, and S. K. Barua, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 55.
- 31 J. P. Speight, R. B. Long, and T. D. Trowbridge, Fuel 63 (1984) 616.
- 32 C. D. Pearson, G. S. Huff, and S. G. Garfeh, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 3265.
- 33 L. G. Galya and J. C. Suatoni, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 3 (1980) 229.
- 34 C. Bollet, J.-C. Escalier, C. Souteyrand, M. Caude, and R. Rosset, J. Chromatogr. 206 (1981) 289.
- 35 R. Miller, Anal. Chem. 54 (1982) 1742.
- 36 D. J. Cookson, C. J. Rix, I. M. Shaw, and B. E. Smith, J. Chromatogr. 312 (1984) 237.
- 37 C. D. Pearson and S. G. Garfeh, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 307.
- 38 E. Lundanes and T. Greibrokk, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 8 (1985) 1035.
- 39 M. M. Assadi and R. P. Mathur, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 14 (1991) 3623.
- 40 P. Grizzle and D. M. Sablotny, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 2389.
- 41 D. G. Nolte and E. L. Collings Jr., US pat. 4,865,741 (1989).
- 42 D. A. Ferguson and A. P. O'Brien, J. Chromatogr. 203 (1981) 313.
- 43 H. V. Drushel, Advances in Chemistry Series 170 (1978) 295.
- 44 S. Coulombe, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 1.
- 45 J. F. Haw, T. E. Glass, and H. C. Dorn, Anal. Chem. 55 (1983) 22.
- 46 K. A. Caswell, T. E. Glass, M. Swann, and H. C. Dom, Anal. Chem. 61 (1989) 206.
- 47 T. A. Norris and M. G. Rawdon, Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 1767.
- 48 H. E. Schwartz and R. G. Brownlee, J. Chromatogr. 353 (1986) 77.
- 49 S. W. Lee, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13 (1990) 3211.
- 50 F. P. Di Sanzo and R. E. Yoder, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 29 (1991) 4.
- 51 R. M. Campbell, N. M. Djordjevic, K. E. Markides, and M. L. Lee, Anal. Chem. 60 (1988) 356.
- 52 B. W. Wright, H. R. Udseth, E. K. Chess, and R. D. Smith, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 (1988) 228.
- 53 ASTM Method D 5186 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.03. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1992) p. 855.
- 54 W. W. Schulz and M. W. Genowitz, U. S. Pat. 5,190,882 (1993).
- 55 E. Lundanes and T. Greibrokk, J. Chromatogr. 349 (1985) 439.
- 56 E. Lundanes, B. Iversen, and T. Greibrokk, J. Chromatogr. 366 (1986) 391.
- 57 M. B. Baastoe and E. Lundanes, J. Chromatogr. 558 (1991) 458.
- 58 H. Skaar, H. R. Norli, E. Lundanes, and T. Greibrokk, J. Microcol. Sep. 2 (1990) 222.
- 59 T. G. Harvey, T. W. Matheson, and K. C. Pratt, Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 1277.
- 60 M. L. Selucky, Lipids 20 (1985) 546.
- 61 D. T. Kaschani, Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle 102 (1986) 302.
- 62 D. A. Karlsen and S. R. Larter, Org. Geochem. 17 (1991) 603.
- 63 ASTM Method D 2789 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.02. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1992) p. 441.
- 64 ASTM Method D 2425 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.02. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1992) p. 182.
- 65 ASTM Method D 2786 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.01. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1992) p. 434.
- 66 ASTM Method D 3239 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.01. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1992) p. 628.
- 67 R. M. Teeter, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 4 (1985) 123.
- 68 P. L. Gupta, P. V. Dogra, R. K. Kuchhal, and P. Kumar, Fuel 65 (1986) 515.
- 69 L. Dixit, P. Kumar, R. B. Gupta, and P. L. Gupta, Applied Spectroscopy Rev. 18 (1983) 373.
- 70 J. J. Kelly and J. B. Callis, Anal. Chem. 62 (1990) 1444.
- 71 A. F. Parisi, L. Nogueiras, and H. Prieto, Anal. Chim. Acta 238 (1990) 95.
- 72 J. C. Suatoni, H. R. Garber, and R. R. Davis, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 13 (1975) 367.
- 73 J. C. Suatoni and R. E. Swab, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 18 (1980) 375.
- 74 L. R. Snyder, B. E. Buell, and H. E. Howard, Anal. Chem. 40 (1968) 1303.
- 75 L. Carbognani and A. Izquierdo, Fuel Science and Technol. 8 (1990) 1.
- 76 M. Li, S. R. Larter, D. Stoddart, and M. Bjorøy, Anal. Chem. 64 (1992) 1337.
- 77 J. W. Haas and P. C. Uden, J. Chromatogr. 550 (1991) 609.
- 78 M. Radke, H. Willsch, and D. H. Welte, Anal. Chem. 52 (1980) 406.
- 79 J. Bundt, W. Herbel, H. Steinhart, S. Franke, and W. Franke, J. High Resolut. Chrom. 14 (1991) 91.
- 80 W. Boening, M. W. Haenel, and M. Zander, Fuel 69 (1990) 1226.
- 81 McNeil in Chemistry of Coal Utilization 2nd Suppl. M. A. Elliott (Ed.), Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981, p 1003.
- 82 M. Zander, Fuel 70 (1991) 563.
- 83 M. Radke, D. H. Welte, and H. Willsch, Org. Geochem. 10 (1986) 51.
- 84 S. K. Kesavan, A. Ghosh, M. E. Polasky, V. Parameswaran, and S. Lee, Fuel. Sci. Technol. Int. 6 (1988) 505.
- 85 J. C. Monin, D. Barth, M. Perrut, M. Espitalié, and B. Durand, Org. Geochem. 13 (1988) 1079.
- 86 G. Hopfgartner, J.-L. Veuthey, F. O. Gülacar, and A. Buchs, Org. Geochem. 15 (1990) 397.
- 87 T. Greibrokk, M. Radke, M. Skurdal, and H. Willsch, Org. Geochem. 18 (1992) 447.
- 88 J. G. O'Connor, F. H. Burow, and M. S. Norris, Anal. Chem. 34 (1962) 82.
- 89 J. C. Fetzer, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 31 (1993) 70.
- 90 L. R. Snyder, Anal. Chem. 33 (1961) 1527.
- 91 M. Radke, H. Willsch, and D. H. Welte, Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 2538.
- 92 M. Popl, V. Dolansky, and J. Mostecky, J. Chromatogr. 117 (1976) 117.
- 93 S. A. Wise, S. N. Chesler, H. S. Hertz, L. R. Hilpert, and W. E. May, Anal. Chem. 49 (1977) 2306.
- 94 J. Chmielowiec and A. E. George, Anal. Chem. 52 (1980) 1154.
- 95 P. L. Grizzle and J. S. Thomson, Anal. Chem. 54 (1982) 1071.
- 96 J. I. Haberman, R. E. Overfield, and W. K. Robbins, U. S. Pat. 4,988,446 (1991).
- 97 E. N. Chen Jr., P. D. Cusatis, and E. J. Popiel, J. Chromatogr. 637 (1993) 181.
- 98 B. J. Fuhr, L. L. Klein, C. Reichert, and S. W. Lee, LC-GC 8 (1990) 801.
- 99 R. M. Campbell and M. L. Lee, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 2247.
- 100 J. T. Andersson, J. Chromatogr. 585 (1991) 376.
- 101 J. T. Andersson, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 326 (1987) 425.
- 102 H. V. Drushel and A. L. Sommers, Anal. Chem. 39 (1967) 1819.
- 103 M. L. Lee, C. Willey, R. N. Castle, and C. M. White, in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Vol. 4, A. Bjørseth, and A. J. Dennis (Eds.), Batelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1980, p. 59.
- 104 L. R. Snyder and B. E. Buell, Anal. Chem. 40 (1968) 1295.
- 105 P. P. Richter, P. D. Ceasser, S. L. Meisel, and R. D. Offenhauser, Ind. Eng. Chem. 44 (1952) 2601.
- 106 P. Burchill, A. A. Herod, J. P. Mahon, and E. Pritchard, J. Chromatogr. 265 (1983) 223.
- 107 E. Schiller and D. R. E. Mathiasson, Anal. Chem. 49 (1977) 1225.
- 108 D. W. Later, M. L. Lee, K. D. Bartle, R. C. Kong, and D. Vassilaros, Anal. Chem. 53 (1981) 1612.
- 109 A. J. Bakel and R. P. Philp, Org. Geochem. 16 (1990) 353.
