Improvements in psychologists’ metacommunication self-efficacy, willingness, and skill following online training and a supervision exercise
Corresponding Author
Fiona L. Calvert
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Correspondence Fiona L. Calvert, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Clinic, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Frank P. Deane, Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Frank P. Deane
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Correspondence Fiona L. Calvert, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Clinic, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Frank P. Deane, Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJessica Barrett
Discipline of Clinical Psychology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Fiona L. Calvert
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Correspondence Fiona L. Calvert, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Clinic, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Frank P. Deane, Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Frank P. Deane
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Correspondence Fiona L. Calvert, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Clinic, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Frank P. Deane, Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Building 22, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJessica Barrett
Discipline of Clinical Psychology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Objective(s)
Psychologists’ experiences of an online training tool in metacommunication as well as an in-supervisory metacommunication exercise were examined.
Method
A total of 101 participants completed a training tool in metacommunication and changes in self-efficacy (SE) to use metacommunication with clients, the proportion of metacommunication used in vignette-responses, and their willingness to use metacommunication in supervision were assessed pre- and posttraining and at 6-week follow-up. A total of 48 participants elected to undertake the in-supervision exercise.
Results
Participants reported significantly higher willingness and self-efficacy after completing the online training. They also showed a higher proportion of metacommunicative statements in their posttraining vignette responses compared with pretraining. The increase in willingness was retained at 6-week follow-up. There was an increase in self-efficacy from pre- to postonline-training, and this increased at follow-up.
Conclusions
This opens the door to better developing metacommunication skills in supervisees through both online training and the metacommunication supervisory exercise. Areas for continued research are outlined.
REFERENCES
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
- Berman, M. L., Hill, C. E., Liu, J., Jackson, J., Sim, W., & Spangler, P. (2012). Relational events in acceptance and commitment therapy for three clients with anorexia nervosa: What is corrective? In L. G. Castonguay, & C. E. Hill (Eds.), Transformation in psychotherapy: Corrective experiences across cognitive behavioural, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10.1037/13747-012 Google Scholar
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
10.1191/1478088706qp063oa Google Scholar
- Calvert, F., Crowe, T. P., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2016). Dialogical reflexivity in supervision: An experiential learning process for enhancing reflective and relational competencies. The Clinical Supervisor, 35, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2015.1135840
- Calvert, F. L., Deane, F. P., & Barrett, J. (2020). Supervisees’ experiences of a metacommunication intervention in clinical supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 24(1), 30–40.
- Calvert, F. L., Deane, F. P., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2018). Supervisee perceptions of the use of metacommunication in the supervisory relationship. Psychotherapy Research, Advance online publication, https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2018.1524169
10.1080/10503307.2018.1524169 Google Scholar
- Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
- Gottlieb, M. C., Robinson, K., & Younggren, J. N. (2007). Multiple relations in supervision: Guidance for administrators, supervisors, and students. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.3.241
- Gray, L. A., Ladany, N., Walker, J. A., & Ancis, J. R. (2001). Psychotherapy trainee’s experience of counterproductive events in supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0167.48.4.371
- Hess, S. A., Knox, S., & Hill, C. E. (2006). Teaching graduate trainees how to manage client anger: A comparison of three types of training. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500264838
- Hill, C. E. (2004). Immediacy. In C. Hill (Ed.), Helping skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action. ( ( 2nd ed, pp. 283–297). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10.1037/10624-000 Google Scholar
- Hill, C. E., Gelso, C. J., Chui, H., Spangler, P. T., Hummel, A., Huang, T., … Bhatia, A. (2014a). To be or not to be immediate with clients: The use and perceived effects of immediacy in psychodynamic/interpesonal psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.812262
- Hill, C. E., & Gupta, S. (2018). The use of immediacy in supervisory relationships. In O. Tishby, & H. Wiseman (Eds.), Developing the therapeutic relationship: Integrating case studies, research, and practice. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
10.1037/0000093-013 Google Scholar
- Hill, C. E., & Knox, S. (2009). Processing the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy Research, 19, https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802621206. 39-29.
- Hill, C. E., & O’Brien, K. M. (1999). Helping Skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Hill, C. E., Sim, W., Spangler, P., Stahl, J., Sullivan, C., & Teyber, E. (2008). Therapist immediacy in brief psychotherapy. Case study II. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45, 298–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013306
- Hill, C. E., Spangler, P. T., Chui, H., & Jackson, J. (2014b). Training undergraduate students to use insight skills (immediacy, challenges, interpretation): An overview of three studies. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 702–728. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014542598
- Hill, H. R., Crowe, T. P., & Gonsalvez, C. J. (2016). Reflective dialogue in clinical supervision: A pilot study involving collaborative review of supervision videos. Psychotherapy Research, 26, 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.996795
- Høglend, P., Hersoug, A. G., Bøgwald, K., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Sørbye, Ø., … Crits-Christoph, P. (2011). Effects of transference work in the context of therapeutic alliance and quality of object relations. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 79, 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024863
- Kaslow, N. J., & Bell, K. D. (2008). A competency-based approach to supervision. In C. A. Falender, & E. P. Shafranske (Eds.), Casebook for clinical supervision: A competency- based approach (pp. 39–56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10.1037/11792-002 Google Scholar
- Kasper, L. B., Hill, C. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Therapist immediacy in brief psychotherapy: Case study I. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45, 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013305
- Kiesler, D. J. (1988). Therapeutic metacommunication: Therapist impact disclosure as feedback in psychotherapy. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Kiesler, D. J. (1996). Contemporary interpersonal theory and research: Personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.
- Kuutmann, K., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2011). Exploring in-session focus on patient-therapist relationship: Patient characteristics, process, and outcome. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 19, 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.743
- Landis, R. J., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
- Mayotte-Blum, J., Slavin-Mulford, J., Lehmann, M., Pesale, F., Becker-Matero, N., & Hilsenroth, M. (2012). Therapeutic immediacy across long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: An evidence-based case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026087
- Muran, C. J., Safran, J. D., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Developing therapist abilities to negotiate alliance ruptures. In C. J. Muran, & J. P. Barber (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice. London: The Guilford Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uow/detail.action?docID=570366
- Nelson, M. L., & Friedlander, M. L. (2001). A close look at the conflictual supervisory relationships: The trainee’s perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-167.48.384
- Orchowski, L., Evangelista, N. M., & Probst, D. R. (2010). Enhancing supervisee reflectivity in clinical supervision. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018844
- Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. T. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide ( 3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Psychology Board of Australia. (2019). Registrant data Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/fi_ca/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge_8wekyb3d8bbwe/TempState/Downloads/Psychology-Board---Report---Registrant-Statistics---Registration-Data-Table---March-2019%20(1).PDF
- Ruesch, J., & Bateson, G. (1951). Communication—the social matrix of psychiatry. New York: WW Norton & Company.
- Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Spangler, P. T., Hill, C. E., Dunn, M. G., Hummel, A. M., Walden, T. T., Liu, J., … Salahuddin, N. M. (2014). Training undergraduate students to use immediacy. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 729–757. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014542835
- De Stefano, J., Hutman, H., & Gazzola, N. (2017). Putting on the face: A qualitative study of power dynamics in clinical supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 36, 223–240.
- Syed, M., & Nelson, S. C. (2015). Guidelines for establishing reliability when coding narrative data. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587648
- Teyber, E., & McClure, F. (2011). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative approach. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- Thomas, J. T. (2010). The ethics of supervision and consultation: Practical guidance for mental health professionals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10.1037/12078-000 Google Scholar