Introduction: Applying Clinical Psychological Science to Practice
Corresponding Author
Christine B. Cha
Teachers College, Columbia University
Please address correspondence to: Christine B. Cha, Ph.D., Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY 10027. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Christine B. Cha
Teachers College, Columbia University
Please address correspondence to: Christine B. Cha, Ph.D., Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY 10027. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWe thank Barry A. Farber, Ph.D., Halina J. Dour, Ph.D., Nancy S. Lau, Ph.D., Laura C. Skriner, Ph.D., Katherine Tezanos, B.A., and Eleonora Guzman, M.Phil. for providing helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Abstract
Mental illness is a prevalent and extraordinarily complex phenomenon. Psychologists have developed distinct approaches toward understanding and treating mental illness, rooted in divergent epistemology. This introduction to the Special Issue on Clinical Psychological Science and Practice provides a brief overview of the scientist-practitioner gap, and explores one step (of many) toward bridging this divide. Seven compelling case illustrations featured in this Special Issue apply empirical findings to case formulation, treatment selection, and assessment across complex and varied clinical presentations. This issue thereby demonstrates the feasibility of integrating research and clinical expertise in mental healthcare.
Selected References and Recommended Readings
- Allen, B., & Armstrong, N. E. (2014). Burden of proof: The evidence clinicians require before implementing an intervention. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 52–56.
- Amir, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. E. (1998). Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 945–957.
- Barlow, D. H., Nock, M. K., & Hersen, M (2009). Single case experimental designs: strategies for studying behavior change ( 3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
- Cautin, R. L. (2009). The founding of the Association for Psychological Science: Part 1. Dialectical tensions within organized psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 211–223.
- Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18.
- Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported Psychological Interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 685–716.
- Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2009). Modular approach to therapy for children with anxiety, depression, trauma, or conduct problems (MATCH-ADTC). Satellite Beach, FL: PracticeWise.
- Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(4), 597–600.
- Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & Van Straten, A. (2014). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery and improvement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 118–126.
- DeRubeis, R. J., Cohen, Z. D., Forand, N. R., Fournier, J. C., Gelfand, L. A., & Lorenzo-Luaces, L. (2014). The personalized advantage index: Translating research on prediction into individualized treatment recommendations. A demonstration. PLOSone, 9, e83875.
- Franklin, J. C., Fox, K. R., Franklin, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Ribeiro, J. D., Jaroszewski, A. C, …Nock, M. K. (2016). A brief mobile app reduces nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury: Evidence from three randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 544–557.
- Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (1962). The ego and the id. New York: Norton.
- Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (1996). Psychotherapy practice and research: Repairing a strained relationship. American Psychologist, 51(10), 1007–1016.
- Goodheart, C. D., Levant, R. F., Barlow, D. H., Carter, J., Davidson, K. W., Hagglund, K., … Bullock, M. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271–285.
- Hershenberg, R., Drabick, D. A., & Vivian, D. (2012). An opportunity to bridge the gap between clinical research and clinical practice: Implications for clinical training. Psychotherapy, 49, 123–134.
- Hyman, S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: The problem of reification. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 155–179.
- Jung, C. G. (1914). On the importance of the unconscious in psychopathology. The British Medical Journal, 2(2814), 964–968.
- Karstoft, K. I., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Statnikov, A., Li, Z., & Shalev, A. Y. (2015). Bridging a translational gap: Using machine learning to improve the prediction of PTSD. BioMedCentral Psychiatry, 15(1), 1.
- Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Reviews Clinical Psychology, 3, 1–27.
- Kazdin, A. E. (2008). Evidence-based treatment and practice: New opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care. American Psychologist, 63(3), 146.
- Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., Petukhova, M. V., Bliese, P., Bossarte, R. M., Bromet, E. J., … & Bell, A. M. (2016). Predicting suicides after outpatient mental health visits in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Molecular Psychiatry, 72, 49–57.
- Lilienfeld, S. O. (2007). Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 53–70.
- Lilienfeld, S. O., Ritschel, L. A., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., & Latzman, R. D. (2013). Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: Root causes and constructive remedies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(7), 883–900.
- McFall, R. M., Treat, T. A., & Simons, R. F. (2015). Clinical science model. In R. L. Cautin & S. O. Lilienfeld (eds.), The encyclopedia of clinical psychology (pp. 1–9). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp458 Google Scholar
- McHugh, R. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). The dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments. A review of current efforts. American Psychologist, 65, 73–84.
- Murphy, R., Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Smith, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1517–1529.
- Ng, M. Y., & Weisz, J. R. (2016). Annual research review: Building a science of personalized intervention for youth mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 216–236.
- O'Donohue, W., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2013). Case studies in clinical psychological science: Bridging the gap from science to practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10.1093/med:psych/9780199733668.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Stewart, R. E., & Chambless, D. L. (2007). Does psychotherapy research inform treatment decisions in private practice? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 267–281.
- Stewart, R. E., Stirman, S. W., & Chambless, D. L. (2012). A qualitative investigation of practicing psychologists’ attitudes toward research-informed practice: Implications for dissemination strategies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(2), 100–109.
- Styron, W. (1990). Darkness visible: A memoir of madness. New York: Vintage Books.
- Tavris, C. (2003). Mind games: Psychological warfare between therapists and scientists. Chronicle of Higher Education, 49(25), p. B7.
- Teachman, B. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Hershenberg, R., Vivian, D., Wolfe, B. E., & Goldfried, M. R. (2012). Bridging the gap between clinical research and clinical practice: Introduction to the special section. Psychotherapy, 49(2), 97–100.
- Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 629–640.
- Weisz, J. R., & Jensen, P. S. (1999). Efficacy and effectiveness of child and adolescent psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Mental Health Services Research, 1(3), 125–157.
- Weisz, J. R., Ng, M. Y., & Bearman, S. K. (2014). Odd couple? Reenvisioning the relation between science and practice in the dissemination-implementation era. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(1), 58–74.
10.1177/2167702613501307 Google Scholar
- Wolfe, B. E. (2012). Healing the researcher-practice split: Let's start with me. Psychotherapy, 49(2), 101–108.
- Vassilopoulos, S. P., Banerjee, R., & Prantzalou, C. (2009). Experimental modification of interpretation bias in socially anxious children: Changes in interpretation, anticipated interpersonal anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms. Behavior Research and Therapy, 47, 1085–1089.
- Verdeli, H. (2016). Global mental health: An introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 72(8), 761–765.