REVIEW
Exploring the Endoplasmic Reticulum's Role in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target
Raed Obaid Saleh,
Majid S. Jabir,
Jaafaru Sani Mohammed,
Irfan Ahmad,
Subbulakshmi Ganesan,
Aman Shankhyan,
Anima Nanda,
Subhashree Ray,
Ahmed Hussein Zwamel,
Ahmed Remthan Hussein,
Corresponding Author
Raed Obaid Saleh
Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, University of Al Maarif, Al Anbar, Iraq
Correspondence: Raed Obaid Saleh ([email protected])
Majid S. Jabir ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Majid S. Jabir
College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Correspondence: Raed Obaid Saleh ([email protected])
Majid S. Jabir ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorJaafaru Sani Mohammed
Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorIrfan Ahmad
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorSubbulakshmi Ganesan
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Search for more papers by this authorAman Shankhyan
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Search for more papers by this authorAnima Nanda
Department of Biomedical, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Search for more papers by this authorSubhashree Ray
Department of Biochemistry, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Search for more papers by this authorAhmed Hussein Zwamel
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorAhmed Remthan Hussein
Department of pharmacy, Mazaya university college, Nasiriyah, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorRaed Obaid Saleh,
Majid S. Jabir,
Jaafaru Sani Mohammed,
Irfan Ahmad,
Subbulakshmi Ganesan,
Aman Shankhyan,
Anima Nanda,
Subhashree Ray,
Ahmed Hussein Zwamel,
Ahmed Remthan Hussein,
Corresponding Author
Raed Obaid Saleh
Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, University of Al Maarif, Al Anbar, Iraq
Correspondence: Raed Obaid Saleh ([email protected])
Majid S. Jabir ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Majid S. Jabir
College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Correspondence: Raed Obaid Saleh ([email protected])
Majid S. Jabir ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorJaafaru Sani Mohammed
Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorIrfan Ahmad
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorSubbulakshmi Ganesan
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Search for more papers by this authorAman Shankhyan
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Search for more papers by this authorAnima Nanda
Department of Biomedical, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Search for more papers by this authorSubhashree Ray
Department of Biochemistry, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Search for more papers by this authorAhmed Hussein Zwamel
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorAhmed Remthan Hussein
Department of pharmacy, Mazaya university college, Nasiriyah, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 28 July 2025
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition marked by cognitive decline, particularly in memory and reasoning, which often culminates in severe dementia. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying AD remain elusive. One of the key contributors to AD pathogenesis is the dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle involved in protein folding, calcium regulation, and lipid metabolism. When ER function is compromised, it leads to ER stress, a condition increasingly associated with AD development. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular mechanism that, when overstressed, can result in neuronal death. Further research has revealed how ER stress interacts with other hallmark features of AD, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting ER stress and its associated pathways could present new therapeutic avenues for AD. This review examines the role of the ER in AD, outlining the mechanisms through which ER dysfunction accelerates disease progression and evaluating novel therapeutic strategies designed to restore ER balance and mitigate AD symptoms.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The author confirms that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
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