REVIEW
Carrageenan-Based Hydrogels for Advanced Wound Healing and Controlled Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering
Great Iruoghene Edo,
Winifred Ndudi,
Raghda S. Makia,
Irene Ebosereme Ainyanbhor,
Emad Yousif,
Tayser Sumer Gaaz,
Endurance Fegor Isoje,
Rapheal Ajiri Opiti,
Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie,
Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku,
Dina S. Ahmed,
Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah,
Huzaifa Umar,
Corresponding Author
Great Iruoghene Edo
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Correspondence:
Great Iruoghene Edo ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorWinifred Ndudi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorRaghda S. Makia
Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorIrene Ebosereme Ainyanbhor
Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorEmad Yousif
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorTayser Sumer Gaaz
Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics Engineering, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorEndurance Fegor Isoje
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorRapheal Ajiri Opiti
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick Othuke Akpoghelie
Faculty of Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorUfuoma Augustina Igbuku
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorDina S. Ahmed
Department of Chemical Industries, Institute of Technology-Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorArthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorHuzaifa Umar
Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Search for more papers by this authorGreat Iruoghene Edo,
Winifred Ndudi,
Raghda S. Makia,
Irene Ebosereme Ainyanbhor,
Emad Yousif,
Tayser Sumer Gaaz,
Endurance Fegor Isoje,
Rapheal Ajiri Opiti,
Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie,
Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku,
Dina S. Ahmed,
Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah,
Huzaifa Umar,
Corresponding Author
Great Iruoghene Edo
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Correspondence:
Great Iruoghene Edo ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorWinifred Ndudi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorRaghda S. Makia
Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorIrene Ebosereme Ainyanbhor
Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorEmad Yousif
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorTayser Sumer Gaaz
Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics Engineering, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorEndurance Fegor Isoje
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorRapheal Ajiri Opiti
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick Othuke Akpoghelie
Faculty of Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorUfuoma Augustina Igbuku
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorDina S. Ahmed
Department of Chemical Industries, Institute of Technology-Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Search for more papers by this authorArthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorHuzaifa Umar
Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 14 May 2025
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
ABSTRACT
Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide that is extracted from red seaweeds. It is made up of D-galactose residues connected by β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bonds. As a result of its ability to thicken, emulsify, and stabilize food, it is frequently used as a food additive in processed food. Its consumption has surged in recent years due to the Western diet's (WD) spread. Carrageenan has the ability to change the thickness of the mucus barrier, the composition of the gut microbiota, and the innate immune pathway that causes inflammation. Also, its inherent qualities, which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, resemblance to native glycosaminoglycans, antioxidants, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant activities, Carrageenan-based hydrogels have been the subject of numerous investigations lately for biomedical applications. The brittle hydrogel and uncontrollably exchanged ions, however, are two drawbacks to the application of this polysaccharide, but these can be avoided by making straightforward chemical changes to polymer networks, which create chemically bonded hydrogels with important mechanical characteristics and regulated degradation rates. Furthermore, the addition of diverse kinds of nanoparticles, as well as polymer networks, to carrageenan hydrogels results in hybrid platforms with noteworthy mechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics, which qualify them as appropriate biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE), drug delivery (DD), and also wound healing applications. Our goal in this article is to provide an overview of the most current developments in hybrid carrageenan-based platforms and several chemical modification techniques for TE and DD applications.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The authors have nothing to report.
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