REVIEW
Exploring the Impact of Polysaccharide-Based Nanoemulsions in Drug Delivery
Biswajit Basu,
Srabona Dutta,
Monosiz Rahaman,
Swarnali Dutta,
Mohd Nazam Ansari,
Bhupendra G. Prajapati,
Ayon Dutta,
Sourav Ghosh,
Corresponding Author
Biswajit Basu
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Correspondence:
Biswajit Basu ([email protected])
Bhupendra G. Prajapati ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorSrabona Dutta
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorMonosiz Rahaman
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorSwarnali Dutta
Department of Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Search for more papers by this authorMohd Nazam Ansari
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Bhupendra G. Prajapati
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Correspondence:
Biswajit Basu ([email protected])
Bhupendra G. Prajapati ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorAyon Dutta
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorSourav Ghosh
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorBiswajit Basu,
Srabona Dutta,
Monosiz Rahaman,
Swarnali Dutta,
Mohd Nazam Ansari,
Bhupendra G. Prajapati,
Ayon Dutta,
Sourav Ghosh,
Corresponding Author
Biswajit Basu
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Correspondence:
Biswajit Basu ([email protected])
Bhupendra G. Prajapati ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorSrabona Dutta
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorMonosiz Rahaman
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorSwarnali Dutta
Department of Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Search for more papers by this authorMohd Nazam Ansari
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Bhupendra G. Prajapati
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Correspondence:
Biswajit Basu ([email protected])
Bhupendra G. Prajapati ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorAyon Dutta
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorSourav Ghosh
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: The authors acknowledge the support via funding from PrinceSattam bin Abdulaziz University, project number PSAU/2025/R/1446.
ABSTRACT
Nanoemulsions are tiny mixtures of water and oil stabilized by surfactants, and they have become increasingly popular across various industries, including medicine. With droplet sizes in the nanometer scale, these mixtures are both compact and effective. This discussion explores the potential of polysaccharide-based nanotechnology as an innovative approach to drug delivery. Nanoemulsions offer several benefits, such as enhanced drug solubility and bioavailability, which are crucial for drugs that poorly dissolve in water. The incorporation of natural polysaccharides as emulsifiers in these nanoemulsions ensures their biocompatibility and safety within the body. Additionally, nanoemulsions can facilitate a sustained release of medications, allowing for gradual drug release over an extended period. This controlled release can be achieved through the careful selection and formulation of polysaccharides. This review addresses the methods for producing polysaccharide-based nanoemulsions and examines their physical and chemical properties. It highlights the influence of polysaccharide molecular weight and structure on the stability of nanoemulsions and the effectiveness of drug encapsulation. By understanding these factors, researchers can develop more efficient and safe drug delivery systems utilizing nanoemulsions. Additionally, the present article provides explicit and thorough information about the use of NPLS-based nano-carriers encapsulating a number of drugs designed to treat a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, HIV, malaria, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and skin diseases. For this reason, it is very important to review the most recent developments in polysaccharide-based nano-biocarriers in drug delivery and their application in the treatment of diseases. In this work, we concentrated on the preparation of polysaccharide-based nano-biocarriers, commonly used polysaccharides for the preparation of nano-biocarriers, and drugs loaded on polysaccharide-based nano-biocarriers to treat diseases. In the near future, polysaccharide-based nano-biocarriers will be used more and more frequently in drug delivery and disease treatment.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The authors have nothing to report.
References
- 1W. Chen, Y. Li, C. Liu, et al., “In Situ Engineering of Tumor-Associated Macrophages via a Nanodrug-Delivering-Drug (β-Elemene@Stanene) Strategy for Enhanced Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy,” Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English) 62, no. 41 (2023): e202308413.
- 2Z. Zhang, L. Wang, Z. Guo, Y. Sun, and J. Yan, “A pH-Sensitive Imidazole Grafted Polymeric Micelles Nanoplatform Based on ROS Amplification for Ferroptosis-Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 237 (2024): 113871.
- 3M. Zeng, D. Guo, G. Fernández-Varo, et al., “The Integration of Nanomedicine With Traditional Chinese Medicine: Drug Delivery of Natural Products and Other Opportunities,” Molecular Pharmaceutics 20, no. 2 (2023): 886–904.
- 4U. K. Devesh, R. K. Rajiv, G. Mansi, G. P. Bhupendra, and M. Rishabha, “The Potential of Quality Target Product Profile in the Optimization of Nanoemulsions,” Current Nanomedicine 15, no. 1 (2025): 4–17, https://doi.org/10.2174/0124681873280769231217084737.
10.2174/0124681873280769231217084737 Google Scholar
- 5P. Bhupendra, M. Chetna, P. Uma, and K. Prakash, “Nanoemulsion Based In-Situ Gel for Ocular Delivery of Brimonidine Tartrate,” Current Drug Therapy 19, no. 3 (2024): 336–345, https://doi.org/10.2174/1574885518666230626164030.
10.2174/1574885518666230626164030 Google Scholar
- 6O. Amédée-Manesme, W. E. Lambert, D. Alagille, and A. P. De Leenheer, “Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a New Solution of Vitamin K1 (20) in Children With Cholestasis,” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14, no. 2 (1992): 160–165.
- 7P. Mohite, T. Rajput, R. Pandhare, A. Sangale, S. Singh, and B. G. Prajapati, “Nanoemulsion in Management of Colorectal Cancer: Challenges and Future Prospects,” Nano 3, no. 2 (2023): 139–166, https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020010.
10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020010 Google Scholar
- 8G. Patel, B. Prajapati, and H. Hinglajia, “ Lipid-Based Drug Delivery System: Spotlight on Nanoemulsion as Versatile Nanocarrier,” in Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems (Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2024), 83–124.
- 9B. Basu, K. Garala, A. Dutta, et al., “ Micro and Nanoemulsions in Colorectal Cancer,” in Colorectal Cancer: Disease and Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies (Elsevier, 2024), 259–286.
10.1016/B978-0-443-13870-6.00005-2 Google Scholar
- 10B. Basu, K. Garala, A. Dutta, et al., “ Chapter 10 – Micro and Nanoemulsions in Colorectal Cancer,” in Colorectal Cancer, ed. B. G. Prajapati, A. K. Philip, and S. Bhattacharya (Academic Press, 2024), 259–286.
10.1016/B978-0-443-13870-6.00005-2 Google Scholar
- 11B. Basu, A. Dutta, D. Ash, and B. Prajapati, “Nanoemulsions in Skin Cancer Therapy: A Promising Frontier,” Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 25 (2024): e220724232152, https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010302313240610111842 Online ahead of print.
- 12A. Patel, H. Paliwal, K. Sawant, and B. G. Prajapati, “ Micro and Nanoemulsion as Drug Carriers in Alzheimer's Disease,” in Alzheimer's Disease and Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies (Elsevier, 2024), 319–345.
10.1016/B978-0-443-13205-6.00013-3 Google Scholar
- 13D. Khunt, B. G. Prajapati, M. Prajapti, et al., “ Drug Delivery by Micro, Nanoemulsions in Tuberculosis,” in Tubercular Drug Delivery Systems: Advances in Treatment of Infectious Diseases, ed. R. Shegokar and Y. Pathak (Springer International Publishing, 2023), 173–188.
10.1007/978-3-031-14100-3_9 Google Scholar
- 14A. Parihar and B. G. Prajapati, “Response Surface Methodology for an Improved Nanoemulsion of Ivacaftor & Its Optimisation for Solubility and Stability,” Pharmacophore 14, no. 5 (2023): 1–8.
- 15P. B. Rodriques and B. G. Prajapati, “Formulation and Evaluation of Dolutegravir Sodium Nanoemulsion for the Treatment of HIV,” Pharmacophore 13, no. 6 (2022): 1–8, https://doi.org/10.51847/gnVuQuUCIf.
10.51847/gnVuQuUCIf Google Scholar
- 16M. Danaei, M. Dehghankhold, S. Ataei, et al., “Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems,” Pharmaceutics 10, no. 2 (2018): 57.
- 17W. Qi, T. Li, Z. Zhang, and T. Wu, “Preparation and Characterization of Oleogel-In-Water Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Cellulose Nanocrystals,” Food Hydrocolloids 110 (2021): 106206.
- 18Z. Liu, X. Jiang, K. Wang, et al., “Preparation of Fish Decalcified Bone Matrix and Its Bone Repair Effect in Rats,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 11 (2023): 1134992, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1134992.
- 19A. Plucinski, Z. Lyu, and B. V. Schmidt, “Polysaccharide Nanoparticles: From Fabrication to Applications,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 35 (2021): 7030–7062.
- 20S. Pirsa and K. Hafezi, “Hydrocolloids: Structure, Preparation Method, and Application in Food Industry,” Food Chemistry 399 (2023): 133967.
- 21P. Bing, W. Zhou, and S. Tan, “Study on the Mechanism of Astragalus Polysaccharide in Treating Pulmonary Fibrosis Based on “Drug-Target-Pathway” Network,” Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (2022): 865065.
- 22X. F. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Tang, et al., “The Therapeutic Potential of Plant Polysaccharides in Metabolic Diseases,” Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 15, no. 11 (2022): 1329.
- 23M. Artiga-Artigas, C. Reichert, L. Salvia-Trujillo, B. Zeeb, O. Martín-Belloso, and J. Weiss, “Protein/Polysaccharide Complexes to Stabilize Decane-In-Water Nanoemulsions,” Food Biophysics 15, no. 3 (2020): 335–345, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-019-09622-x.
- 24Y. Chen, J. Wang, J. Xu, et al., “Fabrication of a Polysaccharide-Protein/Protein Complex Stabilized Oral Nanoemulsion to Facilitate the Therapeutic Effects of 1,8-Cineole on Atherosclerosis,” ACS Nano 17 (2023): 9090–9109.
- 25I. Dammak, P. J. A. Sobral, A. Aquino, M. A. Neves, and C. A. Conte-Junior, “Nanoemulsions: Using Emulsifiers From Natural Sources Replacing Synthetic Ones—A Review,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19, no. 5 (2020): 2721–2746.
- 26G. Villamonte, V. Jury, and M. de Lamballerie, “Stabilizing Emulsions Using High-Pressure-Treated Corn Starch,” Food Hydrocolloids 52 (2016): 581–589.
- 27E. Dickinson, “Stability and Rheological Implications of Electrostatic Milk Protein–Polysaccharide Interactions,” Trends in Food Science & Technology 9, no. 10 (1998): 347–354.
- 28D.-Y. Kim and W.-S. Shin, “Roles of Fucoidan, an Anionic Sulfated Polysaccharide on BSA-Stabilized Oil-In-Water Emulsion,” Macromolecular Research 17 (2009): 128–132.
- 29L. Zhang, R. Liang, and L. Li, “The Interaction Between Anionic Polysaccharides and Legume Protein and Their Influence Mechanism on Emulsion Stability,” Food Hydrocolloids 131 (2022): 107814.
- 30Y. Zhang, V. Karimkhani, B. T. Makowski, G. Samaranayake, and S. J. Rowan, “Nanoemulsions and Nanolatexes Stabilized by Hydrophobically Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals,” Macromolecules 50, no. 16 (2017): 6032–6042, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00982.
- 31K. Kadiya and S. Ghosh, “Pectin Degree of Esterification Influences Rheology and Digestibility of Whey Protein Isolate-Pectin Stabilized Bilayer Oil-In-Water Nanoemulsions,” Food Hydrocolloids 131 (2022): 107789.
- 32A.-J. Choi, C.-J. Kim, Y.-J. Cho, J.-K. Hwang, and C.-T. Kim, “Characterization of Capsaicin-Loaded Nanoemulsions Stabilized With Alginate and Chitosan by Self-Assembly,” Food and Bioprocess Technology 4 (2011): 1119–1126.
- 33C. Peng, Q. Wang, W. Xu, et al., “A Bifunctional Endolytic Alginate Lyase With Two Different Lyase Catalytic Domains From Vibrio sp. H204,” Frontiers in Microbiology 15 (2024): 1509599, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1509599.
- 34R. Llinares, P. Ramírez, J. A. Carmona, L. A. Trujillo-Cayado, and J. Muñoz, “Assessment of Fennel Oil Microfluidized Nanoemulsions Stabilization by Advanced Performance Xanthan Gum,” Food 10, no. 4 (2021): 693.
- 35S. K. Chinnaiyan, R. Pandiyan, S. Natesan, S. Chindam, A. K. Gouti, and A. Sugumaran, “Fabrication of Basil Oil Nanoemulsion Loaded Gellan Gum Hydrogel—Evaluation of Its Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Potential,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 68 (2022): 103129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103129.
- 36A. Gani, S. Benjakul, and Z. ul Ashraf, “Nutraceutical Profiling of Surimi Gel Containing β-Glucan Stabilized Virgin Coconut Oil With and Without Antioxidants After Simulated Gastro-Intestinal Digestion,” Journal of Food Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (2020): 3132–3141, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04347-z.
- 37B. Ozturk, S. Argin, M. Ozilgen, and D. J. McClements, “Formation and Stabilization of Nanoemulsion-Based Vitamin E Delivery Systems Using Natural Biopolymers: Whey Protein Isolate and Gum Arabic,” Food Chemistry 188 (2015): 256–263.
- 38P. C. Das, M. A. Islam, M. M. Hossain, et al., “The Roles of Soy Soluble Polysaccharide on the Emulsion Stability Against Stimulated Gastric Conditions and Food Complexes—A Review,” Cogent Food & Agriculture 6, no. 1 (2020): 1800238, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1800238.
- 39C. Burgos Díaz, T. Wandersleben, A. M. Marqués Villavecchia, and M. Rubilar, “Multilayer Emulsions Stabilized by Vegetable Proteins,” Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 25 (2016): 51–57.
- 40S. Y. Gonzalez Toledo and J. Wu, “Impact of Adding Polysaccharides on the Stability of Egg Yolk/Fish Oil Emulsions Under Accelerated Shelf-Life Conditions,” Molecules 26, no. 13 (2021): 4020.
- 41T. E. Mungure, S. Roohinejad, A. E.-D. Bekhit, R. Greiner, and K. Mallikarjunan, “Potential Application of Pectin for the Stabilization of Nanoemulsions,” Current Opinion in Food Science 19 (2018): 72–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.01.011.
- 42L. Salvia-Trujillo, E. A. Decker, and D. J. McClements, “Influence of an Anionic Polysaccharide on the Physical and Oxidative Stability of Omega-3 Nanoemulsions: Antioxidant Effects of Alginate,” Food Hydrocolloids 52 (2016): 690–698, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.07.035.
- 43S. Gholivand, T. B. Tan, M. M. Yusoff, et al., “Elucidation of Synergistic Interactions Between Anionic Polysaccharides and Hemp Seed Protein Isolate and Their Functionalities in Stabilizing the Hemp Seed Oil-Based Nanoemulsion,” Food Hydrocolloids 146 (2024): 109181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109181.
- 44J. Tang, N. Lin, Z. Zhang, C. Pan, and G. Yu, “ Nanopolysaccharides in Emulsion Stabilization,” in Advanced Functional Materials From Nanopolysaccharides (Springer Singapore, 2019), 221–254.
10.1007/978-981-15-0913-1_6 Google Scholar
- 45J. S. Komaiko and D. J. McClements, “Formation of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions Using Low-Energy Preparation Methods: A Review of Available Methods,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 15, no. 2 (2016): 331–352.
- 46E. Santamaría, A. Maestro, and C. González, “Encapsulation of Carvacrol-Loaded Nanoemulsion Obtained Using Phase Inversion Composition Method in Alginate Beads and Polysaccharide-Coated Alginate Beads,” Food 12, no. 9 (2023): 1874.
- 47L. Hong, C.-L. Zhou, F.-P. Chen, et al., “Development of a Carboxymethyl Chitosan Functionalized Nanoemulsion Formulation for Increasing Aqueous Solubility, Stability and Skin Permeability of Astaxanthin Using Low-Energy Method,” Journal of Microencapsulation 34, no. 8 (2017): 707–721.
- 48L. Bai, S. Huan, J. Gu, and D. J. McClements, “Fabrication of Oil-In-Water Nanoemulsions by Dual-Channel Microfluidization Using Natural Emulsifiers: Saponins, Phospholipids, Proteins, and Polysaccharides,” Food Hydrocolloids 61 (2016): 703–711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.06.035.
- 49S. M. T. Gharibzahedi, “Ultrasound-Mediated Nettle Oil Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Purified Jujube Polysaccharide: Process Optimization, Microbial Evaluation and Physicochemical Storage Stability,” Journal of Molecular Liquids 234 (2017): 240–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.03.094.
- 50N. Maghamian, M. Goli, and A. Najarian, “Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Double Nano-Emulsions Loaded With Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Internal Aqueous Phase and Skim Milk as the External Aqueous Phase,” LWT 141 (2021): 110850.
- 51K. Sneha and A. Kumar, “Nanoemulsions: Techniques for the Preparation and the Recent Advances in Their Food Applications,” Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 76 (2022): 102914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102914.
- 52G. Li, Z. Zhang, H. Liu, and L. Hu, “Nanoemulsion-Based Delivery Approaches for Nutraceuticals: Fabrication, Application, Characterization, Biological Fate, Potential Toxicity and Future Trends,” Food & Function 12, no. 5 (2021): 1933–1953.
- 53S. Goindi, A. Kaur, R. Kaur, A. Kalra, and P. Chauhan, “ Nanoemulsions: An Emerging Technology in the Food Industry,” in Emulsions (Elsevier, 2016), 651–688.
10.1016/B978-0-12-804306-6.00019-2 Google Scholar
- 54J. Li, C. Cai, J. Li, et al., “Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery,” Molecules 23, no. 10 (2018): 2661, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102661.
- 55P. H. Tran, W. Duan, B.-J. Lee, and T. T. Tran, “Drug Stabilization in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Potential Applications in the Colonic Delivery of Oral Zein-Based Formulations,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 569 (2019): 118614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118614.
- 56Y. Liu, S. Ahmed, D. E. Sameen, et al., “A Review of Cellulose and Its Derivatives in Biopolymer-Based for Food Packaging Application,” Trends in Food Science & Technology 112 (2021): 532–546.
- 57L. Zhang, J. Pan, S. Dong, and Z. Li, “The Application of Polysaccharide-Based Nanogels in Peptides/Proteins and Anticancer Drugs Delivery,” Journal of Drug Targeting 25, no. 8 (2017): 673–684.
- 58M. T. Paiva, J. O. F. Kishima, J. B. Silva, J. Mantovan, F. G. Colodi, and S. Mali, “Crosslinking Methods in Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Systems,” Biomedical Materials & Devices 2 (2024): 288–306.
10.1007/s44174-023-00118-4 Google Scholar
- 59V. Singh, T. Malviya, Shehala, et al., “ Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles: Nanocarriers for Sustained Delivery of Drugs,” in Advanced Biopolymeric Systems for Drug Delivery, ed. A. Nayak and M. Hasnain (Springer, 2020), 151–181.
10.1007/978-3-030-46923-8_7 Google Scholar
- 60A. Qiu, Y. Wang, G. Zhang, and H. Wang, “Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Diabetes,” Polymers 14, no. 15 (2022): 3217.
- 61M. I. Khan, X. An, L. Dai, H. Li, A. Khan, and Y. Ni, “Chitosan-Based Polymer Matrix for Pharmaceutical Excipients and Drug Delivery,” Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 14 (2019): 2502–2513, https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180927100817.
- 62K. Y. Lee and D. J. Mooney, “Alginate: Properties and Biomedical Applications,” Progress in Polymer Science 37, no. 1 (2012): 106–126.
- 63B. Xiao, M. K. Han, E. Viennois, et al., “Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles for Colon Cancer-Targeted Combination Chemotherapy,” Nanoscale 7, no. 42 (2015): 17745–17755.
- 64C. Jin, F. Wu, Y. Hong, et al., “Updates on Applications of Low-Viscosity Grade Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose in Coprocessing for Improvement of Physical Properties of Pharmaceutical Powders,” Carbohydrate Polymers 311 (2023): 120731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120731.
- 65N. Baranov, M. Popa, L. I. Atanase, and D. L. Ichim, “Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Periodontitis,” Molecules 26, no. 9 (2021): 2735.
- 66A. Karim, A. Rehman, J. Feng, et al., “Alginate-Based Nanocarriers for the Delivery and Controlled-Release of Bioactive Compounds,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 307 (2022): 102744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102744.
- 67N. Salari, K. Mansouri, E. Valipour, et al., “Hyaluronic Acid-Based Drug Nanocarriers as a Novel Drug Delivery System for Cancer Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review,” DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 29, no. 2 (2021): 1–9.
- 68H. Sapa, S. C. Nair, and M. Sabitha, “ Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives in Drug Delivery,” in Natural Biopolymers in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering (Elsevier, 2023), 77–100.
10.1016/B978-0-323-98827-8.00023-0 Google Scholar
- 69A. I. Visan and R. Cristescu, “Polysaccharide-Based Coatings as Drug Delivery Systems,” Pharmaceutics 15, no. 9 (2023): 2227.
- 70T. Loftsson and M. E. Brewster, “Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins. 1. Drug Solubilization and Stabilization,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 85, no. 10 (1996): 1017–1025.
- 71A. T. Serajuddin, “Solid Dispersion of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs: Early Promises, Subsequent Problems, and Recent Breakthroughs,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 88, no. 10 (1999): 1058–1066, https://doi.org/10.1021/js980403l.
- 72B. Sarmento and J. das Neves, Chitosan-Based Systems for Biopharmaceuticals: Delivery, Targeting and Polymer Therapeutics (John Wiley & Sons, 2012).
10.1002/9781119962977 Google Scholar
- 73D. Sanjanwala, V. Londhe, R. Trivedi, et al., “Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery and Wound Management: A Review,” Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 19, no. 12 (2022): 1664–1695.
- 74M. Sumaila, T. Marimuthu, P. Kumar, and Y. E. Choonara, “Lipopolysaccharide Nanosystems for the Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability,” AAPS PharmSciTech 22 (2021): 1–25.
- 75F. Donsì and G. Ferrari, “Essential Oil Nanoemulsions as Antimicrobial Agents in Food,” Journal of Biotechnology 233 (2016): 106–120.
- 76H. Yu, W. Wu, X. Lin, and Y. Feng, “Polysaccharide-Based Nanomaterials for Ocular Drug Delivery: A Perspective,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 (2020): 601246, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.601246.
- 77Y. Su, B. Zhang, R. Sun, et al., “PLGA-Based Biodegradable Microspheres in Drug Delivery: Recent Advances in Research and Application,” Drug Delivery 28, no. 1 (2021): 1397–1418.
- 78G. R. Kapileshwari, A. R. Barve, L. Kumar, P. J. Bhide, M. Joshi, and R. K. Shirodkar, “Novel Drug Delivery System of Luliconazole – Formulation and Characterisation,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 55 (2020): 101302.
- 79C. Y. Yu, Y. M. Wang, N. M. Li, et al., “In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Pectin-Based Nanoparticles for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Drug Chemotherapy,” Molecular Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (2014): 638–644.
- 80V. Gote, A. R. Nookala, P. K. Bolla, and D. Pal, “Drug Resistance in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Tumor Targeted Nanomedicine to the Rescue,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (2021): 4673.
- 81J. Zhao, H. Tian, F. Shang, T. Lv, D. Chen, and J. Feng, “Injectable, Anti-Cancer Drug-Eluted Chitosan Microspheres Against Osteosarcoma,” Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 3 (2022): 91, https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13030091.
- 82O. Sarheed, M. Dibi, and K. V. Ramesh, “Studies on the Effect of Oil and Surfactant on the Formation of Alginate-Based O/W Lidocaine Nanocarriers Using Nanoemulsion Template,” Pharmaceutics 12, no. 12 (2020): 1223, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121223.
- 83A. Mahran, S. Ismail, and A. A. Allam, “Development of Triamcinolone Acetonide-Loaded Microemulsion as a Prospective Ophthalmic Delivery System for Treatment of Uveitis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation,” Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (2021): 444, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040444.
- 84V. V. Revin, E. V. Liyaskina, M. V. Parchaykina, et al., “Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review,” Polymers 14, no. 21 (2022): 4670.
- 85R. Singh, S. Dutt, P. Sharma, et al., “Future of Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Challenges in Processing, Packaging, and Food Safety,” Global Challenges 7, no. 4 (2023): 2200209, https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202200209.
- 86A. Deshpande and T. S. Patil, “ Nanocarrier Technologies for Enhancing the Solubility and Dissolution Rate of API,” in Medicinal Chemistry With Pharmaceutical Product Development (Apple Academic Press, 2019), 155–234.
10.1201/9780429487842-5 Google Scholar
- 87P. Severino, C. F. da Silva, L. N. Andrade, D. de Lima Oliveira, J. Campos, and E. B. Souto, “Alginate Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting,” Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 11 (2019): 1312–1334, https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190425163424.
- 88K. Kim, H. Choi, E. S. Choi, M. H. Park, and J. H. Ryu, “Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Nanomedicine for Targeted Cancer Therapy,” Pharmaceutics 11, no. 7 (2019): 301.
- 89B. Tian, Y. Wang, T. Wang, et al., “Structure and Functional Properties of Antioxidant Nanoemulsions Prepared With Tea Polyphenols and Soybean Protein Isolate,” Journal of Oleo Science 68, no. 7 (2019): 689–697.
- 90M. Mohamadzadeh, A. Fazeli, and S. A. Shojaosadati, “Polysaccharides and Proteins-Based Bionanocomposites for Microencapsulation of Probiotics to Improve Stability and Viability in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 259 (2024): 129287.
- 91J. G. de Oliveira Filho, M. Miranda, M. D. Ferreira, and A. Plotto, “Nanoemulsions as Edible Coatings: A Potential Strategy for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Preservation,” Food 10, no. 10 (2021): 2438.
- 92M. N. R. Kumar, “A Review of Chitin and Chitosan Applications,” Reactive and Functional Polymers 46, no. 1 (2000): 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00038-9.
- 93D. J. McClements, “Edible Nanoemulsions: Fabrication, Properties, and Functional Performance,” Soft Matter 7, no. 6 (2011): 2297–2316, https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SM00549E.
- 94M. Li, O. Rouaud, and D. Poncelet, “Microencapsulation by Solvent Evaporation: State of the Art for Process Engineering Approaches,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 363, no. 1–2 (2008): 26–39.
- 95G. Mishra, V. Yadav, and A. Saxena, “Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Ficus Racemosa Extract – Characterization and Study of Antimicrobial Effects,” American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research 7, no. 11 (2019): 63–76, https://doi.org/10.46624/ajphr.2019.v7.i11.004.
- 96A. Chauhan, R. Verma, S. Kumari, et al., “Photocatalytic Dye Degradation and Antimicrobial Activities of Pure and Ag-Doped ZnO Using Cannabis sativa Leaf Extract,” Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 7881.
- 97Y. Wang, K. Liu, M. Zhang, et al., “Sustainable Polysaccharide-Based Materials for Intelligent Packaging,” Carbohydrate Polymers 313 (2023): 120851.
- 98V. Bourganis, O. Kammona, A. Alexopoulos, and C. Kiparissides, “Recent Advances in Carrier Mediated Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Pharmaceutics,” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 128 (2018): 337–362.
- 99L. S. Nair and C. T. Laurencin, “Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials,” Progress in Polymer Science 32, no. 8 (2007): 762–798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017.
- 100M. Liong, J. Lu, M. Kovochich, et al., “Multifunctional Inorganic Nanoparticles for Imaging, Targeting, and Drug Delivery,” ACS Nano 2, no. 5 (2008): 889–896.
