BRIEF REPORT
Perceived Discrimination, Experiences of Trauma, and Psychological Functioning Among Juvenile Court-Involved Youth
Nicholas Szoko,
Breauna Franklin,
Ebonie Slade,
Barbara Fuhrman,
Courtney E. Murphy,
Kimberly Booth,
Elizabeth Miller,
Corresponding Author
Nicholas Szoko
Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Correspondence: Nicholas Szoko ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorBreauna Franklin
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorEbonie Slade
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Fuhrman
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCourtney E. Murphy
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKimberly Booth
Allegheny County Juvenile Court, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth Miller
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNicholas Szoko,
Breauna Franklin,
Ebonie Slade,
Barbara Fuhrman,
Courtney E. Murphy,
Kimberly Booth,
Elizabeth Miller,
Corresponding Author
Nicholas Szoko
Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Correspondence: Nicholas Szoko ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorBreauna Franklin
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorEbonie Slade
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Fuhrman
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCourtney E. Murphy
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKimberly Booth
Allegheny County Juvenile Court, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth Miller
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 25 March 2025
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Juvenile court-involved youth (JCIY) experience unique mental health needs, which may be related to disproportionate experiences of trauma and discrimination; however, our understanding of these relationships continues to evolve. Our objective was to examine links between perceived discrimination, experiences of trauma, and multiple aspects of psychological functioning among JCIY.
Methods
We administered cross-sectional surveys to 99 youth on probation. We assessed perceived discrimination and prior experiences of trauma with validated instruments. Psychological measures included mindfulness, resilience, future orientation, difficulties in emotion regulation, psychological distress, and psychological inflexibility. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations between perceived discrimination, prior trauma, and each psychological measure, adjusting for age, racial/ethnic identity, and sexual orientation.
Results
Mean age was 16.2 (SD: 1.4) years. Most participants (n = 85; 86%) were male and Black/African American (n = 60; 61%). About one fifth (n = 21; 21%) identified as a sexual minority. Many youth reported experiences of trauma (n = 74; 75%) and discrimination (n = 77; 78%). We found that prior trauma was significantly associated with greater difficulties in emotion regulation (: 0.08 [0.01, 0.15]) and greater psychological inflexibility (: 1.28 [0.38, 2.19]), adjusting for covariates. Perceived discrimination was only associated with increased psychological inflexibility (: 0.90 [0.19, 1.61]).
Conclusions
We demonstrate nuanced relationships between prior trauma, experiences of discrimination, and psychological functioning among JCIY. Results indicate the need for healing-centered approaches to support mental health that consider the unique patterns of emotional processing and expression in this population.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
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