Original Articles—Gastroenterology
Prenatal Stress Alters Bacterial Colonization of the Gut in Infant Monkeys
Michael T. Bailey,
Gabriele R. Lubach,
Christopher L. Coe,
Corresponding Author
Michael T. Bailey
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Michael T. Bailey, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, 305 West 12th Avenue, PO Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorGabriele R. Lubach
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
Search for more papers by this authorChristopher L. Coe
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
Search for more papers by this authorMichael T. Bailey,
Gabriele R. Lubach,
Christopher L. Coe,
Corresponding Author
Michael T. Bailey
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Michael T. Bailey, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, 305 West 12th Avenue, PO Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorGabriele R. Lubach
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
Search for more papers by this authorChristopher L. Coe
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
Search for more papers by this authorFunding was provided by National Institutes of Health grant AI46521 to C. Coe. Salary support for M. Bailey was provided by National Research Service Award fellowship MH12458.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
The hypothesis that prenatal stress lowers the levels of protective microflora and increases the risk for postpartum Gram-negative pathogens was tested in infant monkeys.
Methods:
Female monkeys were left undisturbed or were stressed during pregnancy using an acoustical startle paradigm for 6 weeks either early or late in their 24-week gestation. Several types of intestinal microflora were repeatedly enumerated by fecal culture while infants were reared normally by their mothers.
Results:
Significant changes in microflora concentrations occurred during the first 6 months of life. The profile of total aerobes and facultative anaerobes was biphasic, with peak concentrations occurring between 2 and 16 weeks of age. The numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were low at 2 days after birth but rapidly increased to a peak between 8 and 16 weeks of age. Although similar temporal patterns were evident in all infants, prenatal stress reduced the overall numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
Conclusions:
Moderate disturbance during pregnancy was sufficient to alter the intestinal microflora in the newborn infant. These alterations could result in enhanced susceptibility to infection and suggest a mechanism for some effects of maternal pregnancy conditions on infant health.
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