Infant Mental Health Journal: Infancy and Early Childhood

ARTICLE

Sex differences in the development of physical aggression: An intergenerational perspective and implications for preventive interventions

Corresponding Author

Richard E. Tremblay

[email protected]

Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Montreal; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Correspondence

Richard E. Tremblay, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7.

Email: [email protected]

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Sylvana M. Côté,

Sylvana M. Côté

Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal; Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France

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Richard E. Tremblay,

Corresponding Author

Richard E. Tremblay

[email protected]

Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Montreal; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Correspondence

Richard E. Tremblay, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7.

Email: [email protected]

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Sylvana M. Côté,

Sylvana M. Côté

Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal; Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France

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First published: 08 January 2019

https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21760

Citations: 14

Funding information:

Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

Fonds de recherché du Québec–Santé

Fonds de recherché du Québec–Société et culture

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ABSTRACT

This article reviews the state of knowledge on the development of chronic physical aggression (CPA), with the aim of identifying the most effective prevention strategies. We specifically focus on the early development of physical aggression, on sex differences in the use of physical aggression, and on the transmission of behavior problems from one generation to the other. The body of research on the development of CPA from the past three decades that we review shows increasing evidence that its prevention requires a long-term biopsychosocial developmental approach which also must include an intergenerational perspective. Recent genetic and epigenetic research has indicated that there are both important genetic and environmental effects on gene expression which start at conception. We conclude that one of the most effective strategies to break the intergenerational transmission of CPA involves giving long-term support to pregnant women with a history of behavior problems, their spouse, and their offspring.

RESUMEN

Este artículo revisa el estado del conocimiento acerca del desarrollo de la agresión física crónica (CPA), con el objetivo de identificar las más efectivas estrategias de prevención. Nos enfocamos específicamente en el temprano desarrollo de la agresión física, en las diferencias de género en cuanto al uso de la agresión física, y en la transmisión de problemas de conducta de una generación a otra. Los trabajos de investigación acerca del desarrollo de CPA en las tres pasadas décadas que nosotros revisamos muestran una creciente evidencia de que su prevención requiere un acercamiento bio-sico-social al desarrollo a largo plazo, el cual debe también incluir una perspectiva intergeneracional. La reciente investigación genética y epigenética indica que hay efectos importantes, tanto genéticos como ambientales, en la expresión de los genes, la cual comienza con la concepción. Concluimos con que una de las más efectivas estrategias para romper la transmisión intergeneracional de CPA conlleva el darle apoyo a largo plazo a mujeres embarazadas con un historial de problemas de conducta, sus cónyuges, así como también apoyo a largo plazo a sus hijos.

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article fait un état des lieux des connaissances sur le développement de l'agression physique chronique (abrégé en français APC), dans le but d'identifier les stratégies de prévention les plus efficaces. Nous nous sommes spécifiquement concentrés sur le développement précoce de l'agression physique, sur les différences de sexe dans l'utilisation de l'agression physique et sur la transmission de problèmes de comportement d'une génération à une autre. Le corpus de recherches sur le développement de l'APC de ces trente dernières années que nous avons passé en revue fait état de plus en plus de preuves que sa prévention exige une approche développement bio-psycho-sociale à long terme qui doit aussi inclure une perspective intergénérationnelle. Des recherches génétiques et épigénétiques récentes indiquent qu'il existe des effets génétiques et environnementaux importants sur l'expression du gêne qui commence à la conception. Nous concluons que l'une des stratégies les plus efficaces pour briser la transmission intergénérationnelle de l'APC comprend un soutien à long terme aux femmes enceintes avec un passé de problèmes de comportement, leur époux, ainsi qu'un soutien à long terme à leurs enfants.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den Wissensstand zur Entwicklung der chronischen körperlichen Aggression (CPA) und verfolgt dabei das Ziel, die effektivsten Präventionsstrategien zu identifizieren. Wir konzentrieren uns insbesondere auf die frühe Entwicklung der körperlichen Aggression, auf Geschlechtsunterschiede bei der Verwendung körperlicher Aggression und auf die Transmission von Verhaltensproblemen von einer Generation zur anderen. Die von uns überprüften Forschungsarbeiten der letzten drei Jahrzehnte zur Entwicklung von CPA zeigen zunehmend Hinweise darauf, dass eine Prävention einen langfristigen bio-psycho-sozialen Entwicklungsansatz erfordert, der auch eine intergenerationelle Perspektive beinhalten muss. Neuere genetische und epigenetische Forschungen zeigen, dass es sowohl wichtige genetische als auch umweltbedingte Auswirkungen auf die Genexpression gibt, die bei der Empfängnis beginnen. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass eine der effektivsten Strategien, um die intergenerationelle Transmission von CPA zu unterbrechen, darin besteht, schwangeren Frauen mit einer Vorgeschichte von Verhaltensproblemen, ihrem Ehepartner sowie ihren Nachkommen langfristige Unterstützung zu gewähren.

抄録

身体的攻撃性の発達における性差: 予防介入に関する世代間の観点とその意味

この論文では、最も効果的な予防方策を特定すしようとする目的で、慢性的な身体的攻撃性(CPA)の発達に関する既存の知見を検討する。我々は特に、身体的攻撃性の用い方に関する性差と、世代から世代への行動上の問題の伝達における早期の身体的攻撃性の発達に着目する。我々が検討した過去30年間のCPAの発達に関する膨大な研究は、予防には世代間の視点を含む長期の生物−心理−社会的発達アプローチが必要であることの根拠がますます増えていることを明らかにしている。最近の遺伝研究とエピジェネティックな研究は、受胎から始まる遺伝子発現には遺伝的影響と環境的影響が共に重要であることを示している。我々の結論は、CPAの世代間伝達の連鎖を断つための最も効果的な方策の一つは、過去に行動上の問題をもつ妊婦とその配偶者とその子どもへの長期支援の提供を含むことである。

摘要

身體攻擊發展的性別差異:代際視角觀點和對預防性干預的影響

本文回顧慢性身體攻擊行為 (CPA) 發展的知識狀況, 旨在確定最有效的預防策略。我們特別關注身體攻擊行為的早期發展丶性別差異以及代際行為問題傳播。我們審查過去三十年CPA發展的研究, 結果表明其預防需要長期的生物 - 心理 - 社會發展方法, 其中必須包括代際觀點。最近的遺傳學和表觀遺傳學研究表明, 從受孕開始, 遺傳和環境因素對基因表達有重要的影響。我們的結論是, 打破CPA代際傳播的最有效策略之一, 是為有行為問題的孕婦丶其配偶及子女提供長期支援。

ملخص

الاختلافات بين الجنسين في تطور الاعتداء البدني: منظورعبر الأجيال وتطبيقات التدخلات الوقائية

تستعرض هذه الدراسة الأبحاث الجارية بشأن تطور الاعتداء البدني المزمن (CPA) ، بهدف تحديد أكثر استراتيجيات الوقاية الفعالة. ونركز علي وجه التحديد علي التطور المبكر للاعتداء البدني ، وعلي الاختلافات بين الجنسين في استخدام الاعتداء البدني ، وعلي انتقال مشاكل السلوك من جيل إلى آخر. وتقدم مجموعه البحوث المتعلقة بتطور الاعتداء البدني المزمن (CPA) من العقود الثلاثة الماضية التي نستعرضها أدله متزايدة علي ان الوقاية من هذا الا ضطراب تتطلب اتباع منهج نمو بيولوجي-سيكولوجي واجتماعي طويل الأجل والذي لابد أن يشمل أيضا منظورا عبر الأجيال. وتشير البحوث الجينية والوراثية الحديثة إلى وجود اثار وراثيه وبيئية هامه علي التعبير الجيني تبدا عند الحمل. نختتم الدراسة باستنتاج ان أحدي الاستراتيجيات الأكثر فعاليه لكسر انتقال هذه السلوكيات بين الأجيال هو تقديم الدعم علي المدى الطويل للحوامل اللاتي لديهن تاريخ من المشاكل السلوكية ، وأزواجهن ، فضلا عن الدعم الطويل الأجل لأطفالهم.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Volume40, Issue1

Special Issue:The Early Biopsychosocial Development of Boys and the Origins of Violence in Males

January/February 2019

Pages 129-140

Sex differences in the development of physical aggression: An intergenerational perspective and implications for preventive interventions

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Sex differences in the development of physical aggression: An intergenerational perspective and implications for preventive interventions

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN

RÉSUMÉ

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

抄録

摘要

ملخص

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information