Diet and risk of gastric cancer. A population-based case-control study in Sweden
Corresponding Author
Lars-Erik Hansson
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 UppsalaSearch for more papers by this authorOlof Nyrén
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorReinhold Bergström
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorAlicja Wolk
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorAnders Lindgren
Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Baron
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorHans-Olov Adami
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Lars-Erik Hansson
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 UppsalaSearch for more papers by this authorOlof Nyrén
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorReinhold Bergström
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorAlicja Wolk
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorAnders Lindgren
Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Baron
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorHans-Olov Adami
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A case-control study to evaluate risk factors of gastric cancer was carried out in areas with contrasting incidence rates in Sweden. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 338 of 456 eligible histologically confirmed gastric-cancer cases and 669 of 880 eligible control subjects, sampled from population registers and frequency-matched by age and gender. We focused on 2 periods, adolescence and 20 years prior to interview. The association of gastric-cancer risk with dietary habits during adolescence were similar to that found for the period 20 years before interview; high consumption of wholemeal bread, fruit and vegetables was associated with reduced gastric-cancer risk. In addition, cheese, fish and tea had a protective effect during adolescence. Increased gastric-cancer risk was related to whole-milk consumption, but this association decreased substantially in a multivariate analysis including vegetables. There was a positive relationship between gastric-cancer risk and the age at which the interviewees started using refrigerators. This population-based study confirmed the protective effect of a high consumption of vegetables and fruit in the development of gastric cancer, but failed to find any association between intake of meat, sausage, cold cuts, liver, salt, coffee, the habit of frying, smoking or grilling foods, and risk of gastric cancer.
References
- Agudo, A., González, C. A., Marcos, G., Sanz, M., Saigi, E., Verge, J., Boleda, M. and Ortego, J., Consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tobacco, and gastric cancer in Spain. Cancer Causes Control, 3, 137–143 (1992).
- Ames, B. N., Motchnik, P., Profet, M., Shigenaga, M. K. and Hagen, T. M., Antioxidant prevention of birth defects and cancer. International conference on male-mediated developmental toxicity, Sept. 16-19 1992, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Plenum Press, New York (1992) (In press).
- Belman, S., Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis, 4, 1063–1065 (1983).
- Boeing, H., Epidemiological research in stomach cancer: progress over the past ten years. J. Cancer Res. clin. Oncol., 117, 133–143 (1991).
- Boeing, H., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Berger, M., Berndt, V., Göres, W., Körner, M., Lohmeier, R., Menarcher, A., Männl, H. F. K., Meinhardt, M., Müller, R., Ostermeier, H., Paul, F., Schwemmle, K., Wagner, K. H. and Wahrendorf, J., Case-control study on stomach cancer in Germany. Int. J. Cancer, 47, 858–864 (1991a).
- Boeing, H., Jedrychowski, W., Wahrendorf, J., Popiela, T., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B. and Kulig, A., Dietary risk factors in intestinal and diffuse types of stomach cancer: a multicenter case-control study in Poland. Cancer Causes Control, 2, 227–233 (1991b).
- Buiatti, E., Palli, D., Decarli, A., Amadori, D., Avellini, C., Bianchi, S., Biserni, R., Cipriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., Marubini, E., Puntoni, R., Vindigni, C, Fraumeni, J. and Blot, W., A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int. J. Cancer, 44, 611–616 (1989).
- Chyou, P.-H., Nomura, A. M. Y., Hankin, J. H. and Stemmerman, G. N., A case-cohort study of diet and stomach cancer. Cancer Res., 50, 7501–7504 (1990).
- Coggon, D., Barker, D. J. P., Cole, R. B. and Nelson, M., Stomach cancer and food storage J. nat. Cancer Inst, 81, 1178–1182 (1989).
- Copeland, K. T., Checkoway, H., McMichael, A. J. and Holbrook, R. H., Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Amer. J. Epidemiol., 105, 488–495 (1977).
- Correa, P., Fontham, E., Pickle, L. W., Chen, V., Lin, Y. and Haenszel, W., Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in South Louisiana inhabitants. J. nat. Cancer Inst, 75, 645–653 (1985).
-
Demirer, T.,
Icli, F.,
Uzunalimoglu, O. and
Kucuk, O.,
Diet and stomach cancer incidence. A case-control study in Turkey.
Cancer,
65,
2344–2348
(1990).
10.1002/1097-0142(19900515)65:10<2344::AID-CNCR2820651030>3.0.CO;2-H PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Dwyer, J. T., Gardner, J., Halvorsen, K., Krall, E. A., Cohen, A. and Valadian, I., Memory of food intake in the distant past. Amer. J. Epidemiol, 130, 1033–1046 (1989).
- Friedman, G. D. and Parsonnet, J., Salt intake and stomach cancer: some contrary evidence. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers & Prevention, 1, 607–608 (1992).
- Fujita, S. and Hattori, T., Cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration in the gastric mucosa: a study on the background of carcinogenesis. In: E. Farber, T. Kawashi, T. Nagayo, H. Sugano, T. Sugimura and J. H. Weisburger (eds.), Pathophysiology of carcinogenesis in digestive organs, pp. 21–36, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo (1977).
- González, C. A., Sanz, J. M., Marcos, G., Pita, S., Brullet, E., Saigi, E., Badia, A. and Riboli, E., Dietary factors and stomach cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study. Int. J. Cancer, 49, 513–519 (1991).
- Graham, S., Haughey, B., Marshall, J., Brasure, J., Zielezny, M., Freudenheim, J., West, D., Nolan, J. and Wilkinson, G., Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 13, 19–34 (1990).
- Haenszel, W., Kurihara, M., Segi, M. and Lee, R. K. C., Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J. nat Cancer Inst, 49, 969–988 (1972).
- Heilbrun, L. K., Nomura, A. and Stemmermann, G. N., Black tea consumption and cancer risk: a prospective study. Brit. J. Cancer, 54, 677–683 (1986).
- Hoshiyama, Y. and Sasaba, T., A case-control study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes, and alcohol consumption in Saitama prefecture, Japan. Cancer Causes Control, 3, 441–448 (1992).
- Howson, C. P., Hiyama, T. and Wynder, E. L., The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph. Epidemiol. Rev., 8, 1–27 (1986).
- Hu, J., Zhang, S., Jia, E., Wang, Q., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Wu, Y. and Cheng, Y., Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in China. Int. J. Cancer, 41, 331–335 (1988).
- Jain, A. K., Shimoi, K., Nakamuka, Y., Kada, T., Hara, Y. and Tomita, I., Crude-tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro and in intragastric tract of rats. Mutation Res., 210, 1–8 (1989).
- James, J. E., Caffeine and health, p. 8, Academic Press, London (1991).
- Jedrychowski, W., Wahrendorf, J., Popiela, T. and Rachtan, J., A case-control study of dietary factors and stomach-cancer risk in Poland. Int. J. Cancer, 37, 837–842 (1986).
- Kinlen, L. J., Willows, A. N., Goldblatt, P. and Yudkin, J., Tea consumption and cancer. Brit J. Cancer, 58, 397–401 (1988).
- Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, K. K. and Morgenstern, H., Epidemiologic research, principles and quantitative methods, p. 165, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1982).
-
Kono, S.,
Ikeda, M.,
Tokudome, S. and
Kuratsone, M.,
A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in northern Kyushu, Japan.
Jap. J. Cancer Res. (Gann),
79,
1064–1074
(1988).
10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb01528.x Google Scholar
- Kumanyika, S. K. and Jones, D. Y., Patterns of week-to-week table-salt use by men and women consuming constant diets. Hum. Nutr., 37A, 348–356 (1983).
- Kyrtopoulos, S. A., Ascorbic acid and the formation of N-nitroso compounds: possible role of ascorbic acid in cancer prevention. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr., 45, 1344–1350 (1987).
- La Vecchia, C, Negri, E., D'Avanzo, B. and Franceschi, S., Electric refrigerator use and gastric cancer risk. Brit. J. Cancer, 62, 136–137 (1990).
- La Vecchia, C, Negri, E., Decarli, A., D'Avanzo, B. and Franceschi, S., A case-control study of diet and gastric cancer in northern Italy. Int. J. Cancer, 40, 484–489 (1987).
- Laurén, P., The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. Acta path, microbiol. scand., 64, 31–49 (1965).
- Mirvish, S. S., The etiology of gastric cancer. Intragastric nitrosamide formation and other theories. J. nat. Cancer Inst., 71, 629–647 (1983).
- Møller, M. E., Dahl, R. and Bockman, O. C., A possible role of the dietary fibre product, wheat bran, as a nitrate scavenger. Food Chem. Toxicol, 26, 841–845 (1988).
- Risch, H. A., Jain, M., Choi, N. W., Fodor, J. G., Pfeiffer, C. J., Howe, G. R., Harrison, L. W., Craib, K. J. P. and Miller, A. B., Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Amer. J. Epidemiol, 122, 947–959 (1985).
- Statistics Sweden, Swedish socio-economic classification. Reports on Statistical Coordination (1982).
- Stich, H. F., Chan, P. K. and Rosin, M. P., Inhibitory effects of phenolics, teas and saliva on the formation of mutagenic nitrosation products of salted fish. Int. J. Cancer, 30, 719–724 (1982).
- Trichopoulos, D., Ouranos, G., Day, N. E., Tzonou, A., Manousos, O., Papadimitriou, C and Trichopoulos, A., Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in Greece. Int. J. Cancer, 36, 291–297 (1985).
- Tuyns, A. J., Salt and gastrointestinal cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 11, 229–232 (1988).
- Tuyns, A. J., Kaaks, R., Haelterman, M. and Riboli, E., Diet and gastric cancer. A case-control study in Belgium. Int. J. Cancer, 51, 1–6 (1992).
- UICC, TNM classification of malignant tumours, 4th ed., pp. 43–46 Springer, Berlin (1987).
- Walters, C. L., Nitrate and nitrite in foods. In: M. Hill (ed.), Nitrates and nitrites in food and water, p. 96, Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester (1991).
- Wang, H. and Wu, Y., Inhibitory effect of Chinese tea on N-nitrosation in vitro and in vivo. In: I. K. O'Neill, J. Chen and H. Bartsch (eds.), Relevance to human cancer of N-nitroso compounds, tobacco smoke and mycotoxins, pp. 546–549, IARC, Lyon (1991).
- Wang, Z. Y., Hong, J.-Y., Huang M.-T., Reuhl, K. R., Conney, A. H. and Yang, C. S., Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine- and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea and black tea. Cancer Res., 52, 1943–1947 (1992).
- Wargovich, M. J., Diallyl sulfide, a flavor component of garlic (Allium sativum), inhibits dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Carcinogenesis, 8, 487–489 (1987).
- S. L. Whelan, D. M Parkin. and E. Masnyer (eds), Patterns of cancer in five continents. IARC Scientific Publication 102, IARC, Lyon (1990).
- Wu-Williams, A. H., Yu, M. C. and Mack, T. M., Life-style, workplace, and stomach cancer by sub-site in young men of Los Angeles county. Cancer Res., 50, 2569–2576 (1990).
- You, W.-C, Blot, W. J., Chang, Y.-S., Ershow, A. G., Yang, Z.-T., An, Q., Henderson, B. E., Xu, G.-W., Fraumeni, J. F. and Wang, T.-G., Diet and high risk of stomach cancer in Shandong, China. Cancer Res., 48, 3518–3523 (1988).
- You, W.-C, Blot, W. J., Chang, Y.-S., Ershow, A., Yang, Z. T., An, Q., Henderson, B. E., Fraumeni, Jr., J. F. and Wang, T. G., Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer. J. nat. Cancer Inst., 81, 162–164 (1989).
- Yu, G.-P. and Hsieh, C.-C., Risk factors for stomach cancer: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai. Cancer Causes Control, 2, 169–174 (1991).
Citing Literature
