Injected Tracer Reveals Differences in Water Transport Rate, Residence Times and Mixing Dynamics in Tree Species of Contrasting Water Management Strategies
Mikaela Maneely
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Keith Reinhardt
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
Correspondence:
Keith Reinhardt ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorRyan E. Emanuel
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKevan J. Minick
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJennifer Bahramian
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLauren M. Tucker
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel M. Johnson
Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMikaela Maneely
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Keith Reinhardt
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
Correspondence:
Keith Reinhardt ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorRyan E. Emanuel
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKevan J. Minick
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJennifer Bahramian
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLauren M. Tucker
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel M. Johnson
Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation.
ABSTRACT
Studies have shown that water can reside inside trees for up to several months, but how the duration of long-term stored water relates to species-specific water management strategies is not known. We studied water residence time, tracer velocity, and internal mixing in two tree species with differing water management strategies by injecting deuterated water into Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees and then monitoring tracer concentration daily in leaves for several weeks postinjection. In a companion study, we injected tracer and collected leaves at subdaily timescales to explore subdaily patterns of tracer arrival in canopy leaves. For the first experiment, we hypothesised that the tracer would remain in both species for days to weeks and that the tracer would have a longer residence time in the more isohydric Douglas fir trees. For the subdaily study, we explored if the tracer would arrive at a sharp peak, or be more spread out over time. The tracer resided in the trees 7–11 days for both species. Interestingly, the tracer reached the canopy leaves of aspen sooner yet remained in trees for longer compared to Douglas fir, which exhibited sharp pulses of tracer breakthrough in canopies. Surprisingly, the tracer arrival in aspens occurred in two distinct pulses, separated by 1–2 days. Combined, the results from both experiments suggest that water inside trees may not flow in simple ‘in-up-and-out’ (i.e., piston flow) ways and that complex mixing of water reservoirs and water flow paths may occur in some tree species.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data for this project have been uploaded to HydroShare: 10.4211/hs.0a9b8dcbbac64fc9b97b8875268518a1
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
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hyp70091-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 266.5 KB |
Data S1 Environmental conditions during the experiment were typical for the location and time of year. Air temperature (Tair) ranged from ~10 to 30°C, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) ranged from ~0 to 4 kPa, and soil moisture content (SMC) declined from 0.22 to ~0.10 m3/m3. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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