RESEARCH ARTICLE
A full-scale study of Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for channels vegetated by riparian species
Alessio Nicosia,
Gian Battista Bischetti,
Enrico Chiaradia,
Claudio Gandolfi,
Vito Ferro,
Alessio Nicosia
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorGian Battista Bischetti
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorEnrico Chiaradia
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorClaudio Gandolfi
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Vito Ferro
Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Correspondence
Vito Ferro, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAlessio Nicosia,
Gian Battista Bischetti,
Enrico Chiaradia,
Claudio Gandolfi,
Vito Ferro,
Alessio Nicosia
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorGian Battista Bischetti
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorEnrico Chiaradia
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorClaudio Gandolfi
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Vito Ferro
Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Correspondence
Vito Ferro, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
In this article, an open channel flow resistance equation, deduced applying dimensional analysis and incomplete self-similarity condition for the flow velocity distribution, was tested using measurements carried out in a full-scale channel equipped with three types of riparian plants (Salix alba L., Salix caprea L. and Alnus glutinosa L.). In the experimental channel, having banks lined with boulders, the vegetation branches were anchored in a concrete bottom. For each species, the measurements were carried out with plants having different amounts of leaves, different plant density and plant area index. The relationship between the scale factor Γ of the velocity profile and the Froude number was separately calibrated by measurements carried out without and with vegetation. The component of Darcy-Weisbach friction factor corresponding to the riparian vegetation fv was calculated as the difference between the measured friction factor value (channel grain roughness + vegetation) and that calculated for the channel without vegetation in the same hydraulic conditions. Using these fv values, the relationship between the scale factor Γ and the Froude number was calibrated. In this last relationship, a scaling coefficient a varying with the investigated vegetation type was introduced. This coefficient, as expected, gives the highest friction factor values for vegetation having branches with leaves. The theoretical flow resistance law, coupled with the relationship for estimating the Γ function having a scaling coefficient different for each investigated vegetation type, allowed an accurate estimate of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (errors less than or equal to 20% for 82.6% of the investigated cases). Finally, for the investigated vegetation species that are characterized by a condition with few leaves or leafless, the scaling coefficient a resulted strongly related to the bending stiffness. This analysis demonstrated that the highest Darcy-Weisbach friction factors correspond to vegetation species characterized by the highest values of bending stiffness. The friction factor values calculated for this last condition are characterized by errors that were less than or equal to ±20% for 90.6% of cases.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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