Research Article
Free to Read
Relativistic effects in properties of gold
Peter Schwerdtfeger,
Corresponding Author
Peter Schwerdtfeger
Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Schwerdtfeger,
Corresponding Author
Peter Schwerdtfeger
Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorAbstract
Gold often shows unusual and sometimes surprising chemical and physical properties compared to its lighter group 11 elements (gold anomaly). Pyykkö and coworkers demonstrated in the mid seventies that this is due to effects from special relativity. Recent work in this field indeed indicates that the chemistry and physics of gold is dominated by relativistic effects. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:578–584, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10093
REFERENCES
- 1 See discussion of Dirac's famous statement that relativistic effects are not important for chemical relevant systems: Kutzelnigg, W. Theor Chem Acc 2000, 103, 182.
- 2(a)
Pincherle, L.
Nuovo Cimento
1933,
10, 344;
10.1007/BF02959638 Google Scholar(b) Pincherle, L. Nuovo Cimento 1935, 12, 81; (c) Pincherle, L. Nuovo Cimento 1935, 12, 162; (d) Pincherle, L. Physica 1935, 2, 597.
- 3 Williams, A. O. Phys Rev 1940, 58, 723.
- 4 Cohen, S. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Cornell, 1955.
- 5 Mayers, D. F. Proc Roy Soc (London) 1957, A241, 93.
- 6 Pyykkö, P.; Desclaux, J. P. Acc Chem Res 1979, 12, 276.
- 7 Desclaux, J. P. At Data Nucl Data Tables 1973, 12, 311.
- 8 Pitzer, K. S. Acc Chem Res 1979, 12, 271.
- 9 Pyykkö, P. Adv Quantum Chem 1978, 11, 353.
- 10 Schwarz, W. H. E. In Theoretical Models of Chemical Bonding; Z. B. Maksic (Ed.); Springer: Heidelberg, 1989; Vol. II, p. 593.
- 11 Pyykkö, P. Chem Rev 1988, 88, 563.
- 12 Desclaux, J. P.; Pyykkö, P. Chem Phys Lett 1976, 39, 300–303.
- 13 Baerends, E. J.; Schwarz, W. H. E.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Snijders, J. G. J Phys B 1990, 23, 3225.
- 14 Autschbach, J.; Siekierski, S.; Seth, M.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Schwarz, W. H. E. J Comput Chem 2001, 23, 804.
- 15 Puddephat, R. J. The Chemistry of Gold; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1978.
- 16 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; D. R. Lide (Ed.); CRC Press: Cleveland: Ohio, 2001.
- 17 P. Schwerdtfeger (Ed.). Relativistic Quantum Theory of the Electronic Structure. Part 1. Fundamentals; Elsevier: Amsterdam (in press).
- 18(a) Schmidbaur, H. Gold Bull 1990, 23, 11; (b) Schmidbaur, H. Nature 2001, 413, 31; (c) Bartlett, N. Gold Bull 1998, 31, 22.
- 19(a)
Pyykkö, P.
Angew Chem Int Ed (in press);
(b)
Crawford, M.-J.;
Klapötke, T.
Angew Chem Int Ed
2002,
41, 2269.
10.1002/1521-3773(20020703)41:13<2269::AID-ANIE2269>3.0.CO;2-G CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 20 Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Hess, B.; Ishikawa, Y. Phys Rev Lett 1994, 73, 3203.
- 21 Moore, C. E. Natl Bur Stand (US) Circ 1958, I–III, 467.
- 22 Neogrády, P.; Kellö, V.; Urban, M.; Sadlej, A. J. Int J Quantum Chem 1997, 63, 557.
- 23 Schwerdtfeger, P. Chem Phys Lett 1991, 183, 457.
- 24 Hensel, F. Z Phys Chem (NF) 1987, 154, 201.
- 25 Christensen, N. E.; Kollar, J. Solid State Comm 1983, 46, 129.
- 26
Mudring, A.-V.;
Jansen, M.;
Daniels, J.;
Kramer, S.;
Mehring, M.;
Prates Ramalho, J. P.;
Romero, A. H.;
Parinello, M.
Angew Chem Int Ed
2002,
41, 120.
10.1002/1521-3773(20020104)41:1<120::AID-ANIE120>3.0.CO;2-6 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 27 Seth, M.; Cooke, F.; Pelissier, M.; Heully, J.-L.; Schwerdtfeger, P. J Chem Phys 1998, 109, 3935.
- 28 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Bowmaker, G. A. J Chem Phys 1994, 100, 4487.
- 29(a) Schmidbaur, H.; Graf, W.; Müller, G. Angew Chem Int Ed 1988, 27, 417; (b) Schmidbaur, H. Chem Soc Rev 1995, 24, 391.
- 30 Jansen, M. Angew Chem Int Ed 1987, 26, 1098.
- 31
Hermann, H. L.;
Boche, G.;
Schwerdtfeger, P.
Chem Eur J
2001,
7, 5333.
10.1002/1521-3765(20011217)7:24<5333::AID-CHEM5333>3.0.CO;2-1 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 32(a) Pyykkö, P. Chem Rev 1997, 97, 597; (b) Pyykkö, P.; Li, J.; Runeberg, N. Chem Phys Lett 1994, 218, 133; (c) Pyykkö, P.; Zhao, Y.-F. Angew Chem Int Ed 1991, 30, 604; (d) Li, J.; Pyykkö, P. Chem Phys Lett 1992, 197, 586; (e) Pyykkö, P.; Schneider, W.; Bauer, A.; Bayler, A.; Schmidbaur, H. Chem Commun 1997, 1111; (f) Pyykkö, P.; Runeberg, N.; Mendizabal, F. Chem Eur J 1997, 3, 1451; (g) Pyykkö, P.; Mendizabal, F. Chem Eur J 1997, 3, 1458; (h) Runeberg, N.; Schütz, M.; Werner, H.-J. J Chem Phys 1999, 110, 7210.
- 33(a) Vickery, J. C.; Olmstead, M. M.; Fung, E. Y.; Balch, A. L. Angew Chem Int Ed 1997, 36, 1179; (b) White-Morris, R. L.; Olmstead, M. M.; Jiang, F.; Tiniti, D. S.; Balch, A. L. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124, 2327.
- 34(a) Gade, L. H. Angew Chem Int Ed 1997, 36, 1171; (b) Fernández, E. J.; Gimeno, M. C.; Laguna, A.; López-de-Luzuriaga, J. M.; Monge, M.; Pyykkö, P.; Sundholm, D. J Am Chem Soc 2000, 122, 7287.
- 35 Snijders, J. G.; Pyykkö, P. Chem Phys Lett 1980, 75, 5.
- 36 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Dolg, M.; Schwarz, W. H. E.; Bowmaker, G. A.; Boyd, P. D. W. J Chem Phys 1989, 91, 1762.
- 37
Huber, K. P.;
Herzberg, G.
Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Constants of Diatomic Molecules;
Van Nostrand: New York,
1979.
10.1007/978-1-4757-0961-2 Google Scholar
- 38 Seth, M.; Schwerdtfeger, P. Chem Phys Lett 2000, 318, 314.
- 39 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Boyd, P. D. W.; Burrell, A. K.; Robinson, W. T.; Taylor, M. J. Inorg Chem 1990, 29, 3593.
- 40
Eijnhoven, J. C. M. T.;
Verschoor, G. C.
Mater Res Bull
1987,
9, 1667.
10.1016/0025-5408(74)90159-7 Google Scholar
- 41 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Boyd, P. D. W.; Brienne, S.; Burrell, A. K. Inorg Chem 1992, 31, 3411.
- 42(a) Jansen, G.; Hess, B. A. Z Phys D 1989, 13, 363; (b) Kellö, V.; Sadlej, A. J. J Chem Phys 1991, 95, 8248; (c) Pizlo, A.; Jansen, G.; Hess, B. A.; von Niessen, W. J Chem Phys 1993, 98, 3945; (d) van Lenthe, E.; Baerends, E. J.; Snijders, J. G. J Chem Phys 1994, 101, 9783; (e) Lee, H.-S.; Han, Y.-K.; Kim, M. C.; Bae, C.; Lee, Y. S. Chem Phys Lett 1998, 293, 97; (f) Franke, R.; van Wüllen, C. J Comput Chem 1998, 19, 1596; (g) Suzumura, T.; Nakajima, T.; Hirao, K. Int J Quantum Chem 1999, 75, 757; (h) Hess, B. A.; Kaldor, U. J Chem Phys 2000, 112, 1809; (i) Han, Y.-K.; Hirao, K. Chem Phys Lett 2000, 324, 453; (j) Filatov, M.; Cremer, D. Chem Phys Lett 2002, 259, 351.
- 43 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Brown, J. R.; Laerdahl, J. K.; Stoll, H. J Chem Phys 2000, 113, 7110.
- 44 Wesendrup, R.; Laerdahl, J. K.; Schwerdtfeger, P. J Chem Phys 1999, 110, 9457.
- 45 Schmidbaur, H. Personal communication.
- 46 Christensen, N. E.; Seraphin, B. O. Phys Rev B 1971, 4, 3321.
- 47 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Dolg, M. Phys Rev A 1991, 43, R1644.
- 48
Wesendrup, R.;
Schwerdtfeger, P.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
2000,
39, 907.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000303)39:5<907::AID-ANIE907>3.0.CO;2-M CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 49 Pyykkö, P. J Am Chem Soc 1995, 117, 2067.
- 50
Söhnel, T.;
Hermann, H. L.;
Schwerdtfeger, P.
Angew Chem
2001,
40, 4381.
10.1002/1521-3773(20011203)40:23<4381::AID-ANIE4381>3.0.CO;2-G Google Scholar
- 51 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Bruce, A. E.; Bruce, M. R. M. J Am Chem Soc 1998, 120, 6587.
- 52(a) Shriver, D. F.; Kaesz, H. D.; Adams, R. D. The Chemistry of Metal Cluster Complexes; Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, 1990; (b) Schmidbaur, H. Nature 1995, 377, 503; (c) Schmidbaur, H. Nature 1990, 345, 140; (d) Häberlen, O. D.; Schmidbaur, H.; Rösch, N. J Am Chem Soc 1994, 116, 8241.
- 53(a) Mingos, D. M. J Chem Soc, Dalton Trans 1996, 561; (b) Mingos, D. M. P.; Wales, D. J. Introduction to Cluster Chemistry; Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1990.
- 54 Schwerdtfeger, P.; Boyd, P. D. W. Inorg Chem 1992, 31, 327.
- 55(a) Morse, M. D.; Hopkins, J. B.; Langridge-Smith, P. R. R.; Smalley, R. E. J Chem Phys 1983, 79, 5316; (b) Cheshnovsky, O.; Pettiette, C. L.; Smalley, R. E. In Ion and cluster spectroscopy, J. P. Maier (Ed.); Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1988; (c) Jackschath, C.; Rabin, I.; Schulze, W. Z Phys D 1992, 22, 517; (d) Rabin, I.; Schulze, W.; Jackschath, C. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 1992, 96, 1200.
- 56(a) Häkkinen, H.; Moseler, M.; Landman, U. Phys Rev Lett 2002, 89, 033401; (b) Moseler, M. Personal communication.
- 57(a) Seidel, S.; Seppelt, K. Science 2000, 290, 117; (b) Pyykkö, P. Science 2000, 290, 64.
- 58(a) Kondo, Y.; Takayanagi, K. Science 2000, 289, 606; (b) Kondo, Y.; Ru, Q.; Takayanagi, K. Phys Rev Lett 1999, 82, 751.
