Linkage data on affective disorders in an epidemiologic context
Corresponding Author
Dr. Elliot S. Gershon
Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892Search for more papers by this authorLynn R. Goldin
Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dr. Elliot S. Gershon
Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892Search for more papers by this authorLynn R. Goldin
Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Recent data on chromosomal linkage markers in affective disorders indicate that single locus inheritance is involved in these disorders. The presence of a single locus has not been detectable using segregation analysis on family study data from large populations, possibly because of both heterogeneity and birth cohort and sex differences in diagnostic frequencies.
References
- Angst J (1985): Switch from depression to mania: A record study over decades between 1920 and 1982. Psychopathology 18: 140–154.
- Baron M (1977): Linkage between an X-chromosome marker (deutan color blindness) and bipolar affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 721–725.
- Baron M, Rainer JD, Risch N (1981): X-linkage in bipolar affective illness. J Affective Disord 3: 141–157.
- Baron M, Risch N, Hamburger R, et al. (1987): Genetic linkage between X-chromosome markers and bipolar affective illness. Nature 326: 289–292.
- Bozarth MA, Wise RA (1983): Neural substrates of opiate reinforcement. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7: 569–575.
- Brown GW (1979): A three-factor causal model of depression. In JE Barrett (ed): “ Stress and Mental Disorder.” American Psychopathological Association Series. New York: Raven Press, pp 111–120.
- Brown RM (1987): Cocaine neuropsychopharmacology. In: “ Cocaine, Marijuana, Designer Drugs: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Behavior.” K Redda, CA Walker, G Barnett (eds): Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc.
- Bucher KD, Elston RC (1981): The transmission of manic-depressive illness. I. Theory, description of the model and summary of results. J Psychiat Res 16: 53–63.
- Crowe RR, Namboodiri KK, Ashby HB, Elston RC (1981): Segregation and linkage analysis of a large kindred of unipolar depression. Neuropsychobiology 7: 20–25.
- Detera-Wadleigh SD (1987): Pedigree studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in affective disorders (AD). Presented at the Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- Detera-Wadleigh SD, Berrettini WH, Goldin LR, Boorman D, Anderson S, Gershon ES (1987): Close linkage of c-Harvey-ras-1 and the insulin gene to affective disorder is ruled out in three North American pedigrees. Nature 326: 289–292.
- Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Pauls DL, Sussex JN, Kidd KK, Allen CR, Hostetter AM, Housman DE (1987): Bipolar affective disorders linked to DNA markers on chromosome 11. Nature 325: 783–787.
- Gelernter JE, Gejman PV, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Goldin LR, Berrettini WH, Gershon ES (1987): Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) show no linkage of bipolar affective disorder to the X-chromosome color blindness region in three pedigrees. Presented at the Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December.
- Gershon ES (1988a): Discovering biologically specific risk factors and genetic linkage markers in affective disorders. In DL Dunner, ES Gershon, J Barrett (eds): “ Relatives at Risk for Mental Disorders.” New York: Raven Press.
- Gershon ES Genetic perspectives on manic-depressive illness (1988b). In FK Goodwin, KR Jamison (eds): “ Manic-Depressive Illness.” New York: Oxford University Press, in press.
- Gershon ES, Hamovit J, Guroff JJ, Dibble E, Leckman JF, Sceery W, Targum SD, Nurnberger JI Jr, Goldin LR, Bunney WE Jr. (1982): A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 1157–1167.
- Gershon ES, Hamovit JH, Guroff JJ, Nurnberger JI Jr (1987): Birth cohort changes in manic and depressive disorders in relatives of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 314–319.
- Gershon ES, Targum SD, Matthysse S, Bunney WE Jr (1979): Color blindness not closely linked to bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1423–1430.
- Gershon ES, Weissman MM, Guroff JJ, Prusoff BA, Leckman JF (1986): Validation of criteria for major depression through controlled family study. J. Affective Disord 11: 125–131.
- Goldin LR, Cox NJ, Pauls DL, Gershon ES, Kidd KK (1984): The detection of major loci by segregation and linkage analysis: A simulation study. Genet Epidemiol 1: 285–296.
- Goldin LR, Gershon ES (1983): Association and linkage studies of genetic marker loci in major psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Dev 1: 387–418.
- Goldin LR, Gershon ES, Targum SD, Sparkes RS, McGinniss M (1983): Segregation and linkage analyses in families of patients with bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective mood disorders. Am J Hum Genet 35: 274–287.
- Hagnell O, Lanke J, Rosman B, Ojesjo L (1982): Are we entering an age of melancholy? Depressive illnesses in a prospective epidemiological study over 25 years. The Lundby study, Sweden. Psychol Med 12: 279–289.
- Hodgkinson S, Sherrington R, Gurling H, Marchbanks R, Reeders S, Mallet J, McInnis M, Petursson H, Brynjolfsson J (1987): Molecular genetic evidence for heterogeneity in manic depression. Nature 325: 804–806.
- Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Rice J, Reich T, Endicott J, Andreasen NC, Keller MB, Hirschfeld RMA (1985): Birth cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 689–695.
- Kidd KK, Egeland JA, Molthan L, Pauls DL, Kruger SD, Messner KH (1984): Amish study IV. Genetic linkage studies of bipolar pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 141: 1042–1048.
- Leckman JF, Gershon ES (1977): Autosomal models of sex effect in bipolar-related major affective illness. J Psychiatr Res 13: 237–246.
- Leckman JF, Gershon ES, McGinniss MH, et al. (1979): New data do not suggest linkage between the Xg blood group and bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1435–1441.
- Mendlewicz J (1981): Letter to the editor: X-chromosome markers in bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 719.
- Mendlewicz J, Fleiss JL (1974): Linkage studies with X-chromosome markers in bipolar (manicdepressive) and unipolar (depressive) illnesses. Biol Psychiatry 9: 261–294.
- Mendlewicz J, Fleiss JL, Fieve RR (1972): Evidence for X-linkage in the transmission of manicdepressive illness. Jama 222: 1624–1627.
- Mendlewicz J, Fleiss JL, Fieve RR (1975): Linkage studies in affective disorders: The Xg blood group and manic-depressive illness. In R Fieve, D Rosenthal, H Brill (eds): “ Genetic Research in Psychiatry.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp 219–232.
- Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Guroff JJ, van Praag H (1979): Color blindness linkage to bipolar manic depressive illness: New evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1442–1447.
- Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Wilmotte J (1980): Linkage between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and manic-depressive psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 137: 337–342.
-
Mendlewicz J,
Sevy S,
Brocas H, et al.
(1987):
Polymorphic DNA marker on X chromosome and manic depression.
Lancet
30:
1230–1232.
10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92685-7 Google Scholar
- Oberle I, Drayna D, Camerino G, White R, Mandel JL (1985): The telomeric region of the human x chromosome long arm: Presence of a highly polymorphic DNA marker and analysis of recombination frequency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2824–2828.
- Price RA, Kidd KK, Pauls DL, Gershon ES, Prusoff BA, Weissman MM, Goldin LR (1985): Multiple threshold models for the affective disorders: The Yale-NIMH collaborative family study. J Psychiatr Res 19: 256–259.
- Reich T, Clayton PJ, Winokur G (1969): Family history studies. V. The genetics of mania. Am J Psychiatry 125: 1358–1369.
- Reich T, James JW, Morris CA (1972): The use of multiple thresholds in determining the mode of transmission of semi-continuous traits. Ann Hum Genet 36: 163–184.
- Reich T, Van Eerdewegh P, Rice J, Mullaney J, Endicott J, Klerman GL (1987): The familial transmission of primary major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 21: 613–624.
- Rice J, Reich T, Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Van Eerdewegh M, Fishman R, Hirschfeld RMA, Klerman GL (1987): The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 441–447.
- Rice J, Risch N (1989): Genetic Analysis of the Affective Disorders: Summary of GAW5. Genet Epidemiol 6: 161–177.
- Rich CL, Young D, Fowler RC (1986): San Diego Suicide Study: I. Young vs. old subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 577–585.
- Risch N, Baron M (1982): X-linkage and genetic heterogeneity in bipolar-related major affective illness: Reanalysis of linkage data. Ann Hum Genet 46: 153–166.
- Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, Burke JD, Regier DA (1984): Prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 949–958.
- Solomon MI, Hellon CP (1980): Suicide and age in Alberta, Canada, 1951–1977. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 511–513.
- Tsuang MT, Bucher KD, Fleming JA, Faraone SV (1985b): Transmission of affective disorders: An application of segregation analysis to blind family study data. J Psychiatr Res 19: 23–29.
- Tsuang MT, Faraone SV, Fleming JA (1985a): Familial transmission of major affective disorders. Is there evidence supporting the distinction between unipolar and bipolar disorders? Br J Psychiatry 146: 268–271.
- Weissman MM, Klerman GL (1977): Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 98–111.
- Weissman MM, Klerman GL (1985): Gender and depression. Trends Neurosci 8: 416–420.
- Weissman MM, Gershon ES, Kidd KK, Prusoff BA, Leckman JF, Dibble E, Hamovit J, Thompson WD, Pauls DL, Guroff JJ (1984): Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders. The Yale University-National Institute of Mental Health collaborative study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 13–21.
- Wender PH, Kety SS, Rosenthal D, Schulsinger F, Ortmann J, Lunde I (1986): Psychiatric disorders in the biological and adoptive families of adoptive individuals with affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 923–929.
- Winokur G, Tanna VL (1969): Possible role of X-linked dominant factor in manic-depressive disease. Dis Nervous System 30: 87–94.
- Wise RA (1983): Brain neuronal systems mediating reward processes. In JE Smith, and JD Lane (eds): “ The Neurobiology of Opiate Reward Processes.” Elsevier Biomedical Press, pp 405–437.