Initial Electrode Kinetics of Anion Intercalation and De-intercalation in Nonaqueous Al-Graphite Batteries†
Dan Han
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mao-Sheng Cao
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorNa Li
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorDong-Mei She
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wei-Li Song
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorHaosen Chen
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shuqiang Jiao
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDaining Fang
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorDan Han
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mao-Sheng Cao
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorNa Li
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorDong-Mei She
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wei-Li Song
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorHaosen Chen
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shuqiang Jiao
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDaining Fang
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorDedicated to the 80th Anniversary of Beijing Institute of Technology.
Main observation and conclusion
Graphitic materials with intercalated sites are considered as the mostly used positive electrode materials in nonaqueous Al batteries. Unlike the small-size cations, the intercalation/de-intercalation of large-size anions into/out of graphite would induce large volume expansion and micro-structure reconfiguration, leading to unexpected coulombic efficiency in the full cells (<95% within initial several cycles). For understanding the irreversible processes induced by anion intercalation/de-intercalation (AlCl4–), here the kinetics of first two cycles for the Al-graphite batteries have been systematically studied. To study kinetics behaviors at representative states, a combined method upon galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been carried out. The achieved diffusion coefficients of the positive electrodes assembled with different graphite sizes suggest that size effect also plays a critical role in determining the electrochemical kinetics in the mass transport in both electrolyte and graphitic layers as well as in interface reaction. The morphologies and micro-structures of the post-cycled graphite electrodes have been also experimentally studied, which also well supports the irreversible intercalation/de-intercalation behaviors in graphite electrodes. The results offer a significant platform to well understand the essential factors in tailoring coulombic efficiency from a kinetic view, which would be helpful in promoting the graphite electrodes in Al batteries.
Supporting Information
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Appendix S1: Supporting Information |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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