Characterization and Elemental Quantification of Natural Hydroxyapatite Produced from Cow Bone
John O. Akindoyo
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Suriati Ghazali
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Correspondence: Suriati Ghazali ([email protected]), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this authorMohammad D. H. Beg
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorNitthiyah Jeyaratnam
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorJohn O. Akindoyo
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Suriati Ghazali
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Correspondence: Suriati Ghazali ([email protected]), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this authorMohammad D. H. Beg
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorNitthiyah Jeyaratnam
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The demand for hydroxyapatite (HA) is increasing annually due to the growing number of orthopedic patients, but it is a challenge to meet this growing demand without interfering with the integrity of the environment. Here, natural HA was produced from cow bone through ultrasound treatment followed by a calcination process at various temperatures. Characterization of the produced HA was performed by techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The elemental composition of the HA was quantified through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, as well as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur (CHNS) analysis. The results demonstrate that pure HA was produced after calcination at 950 °C, corresponding to pure HA phase.
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