Review
Electrochemical Biosensors: Electrode Development, Materials, Design, and Fabrication
Hayder A. Abdulbari,
Esmail A. M. Basheer,
Corresponding Author
Hayder A. Abdulbari
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Correspondence: Hayder A. Abdulbari ([email protected]), Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this authorEsmail A. M. Basheer
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorHayder A. Abdulbari,
Esmail A. M. Basheer,
Corresponding Author
Hayder A. Abdulbari
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Correspondence: Hayder A. Abdulbari ([email protected]), Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this authorEsmail A. M. Basheer
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This paper reviews the engineering design of an electrochemical biosensor, particularly the main concepts of electrodes and the type of material selections, design, and fabrication method. Furthermore, the related theories and practical examples from existing literature are reviewed. Research is now directed toward the development of biosensors as important bioanalytical tools in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, food, and other consumer-oriented industries. Currently, comprehensive guidelines on the selection of electrodes for electrochemical biosensors are unavailable. Factual options are important in determining the real-time response of biosensors. Attempts to determine the best material and design for electrodes have no results because of the complexity of fabrication and the lifespan of the material chosen for the electrodes. This paper summarizes the trends in numerous studies on developing electrochemical biosensors. A better understanding of biosensors will greatly assist in the design of new and improved biosensors.
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