In this study, the anticholinesterase effects of the extracts and isolated compounds from the roots of endemic Prangos uechtritzii Boiss & Hausskn (Apiaceae) are reported. A novel polyacetylenic compound; (+)-8-O-methyloplopantriol A along with two known polyacetylenes; (−)-panaxynol, (+)-falcarindiol and fifteen known coumarin derivatives; umbelliferone, 6-formylumbelliferone, suberosin, 7-demethylsuberosin, (+)-ulopterol, tamarin, psoralen, imperatorin, (+)-oxypeucedanin, (+)-oxypeucedanin hydrate, (+)-oxypeucedanin methanolate, (+)-marmesin, (−)-prantschimgin, (+)-decursinol, and (−)-adicardin were isolated from the hexane (Pu-HE), chloroform (Pu-CE), and methanol (Pu-ME) extracts of P. uechtritzii roots. (−)-Panaxynol, (+)-falcarindiol, 6-formylumbelliferone, (+)-decursinol, and (−)-adicardin were obtained from the genus Prangos for the first time. (+)-8-O-Methyloplopantriol A inhibited both AChE (IC₅₀=194.5±5.8 μM) and BChE (IC₅₀=51.9±2.96 μM) enzymes. (+)-Falcarindiol, 6-formylumbelliferone, 7-demethylsuberosin, tamarin, and imperatorin also exhibited BChE-specific inhibitory activities (IC₅₀=27.88-93.86 μM). (+)-Falcarindiol (IC₅₀=27.88±0.91 μM) and imperatorin (IC₅₀=30.89±1.40 μM) as the most active components could be led compounds to develop new BChE inhibitors with further research against Alzheimer's disease.