Green Human Resource Management, Green Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Organisational Sustainability in the Post-Pandemic Era: An Ability Motivation Opportunity and Resource Based View Perspective
Corresponding Author
Dada Ab Rouf Bhat
Govt. SPMR College of Commerce, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Correspondence:
Dada Ab Rouf Bhat ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dada Ab Rouf Bhat
Govt. SPMR College of Commerce, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Correspondence:
Dada Ab Rouf Bhat ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the current study is to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic increased the usefulness of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices toward achieving organisational sustainability with the moderating effect of non-governmental organisations and labour unions, drawing on the integrated approach using AMO (Ability-Motivation-Opportunity) theory and RBV (Resource-Based View). The data was collected from 371 (depicted using G* power software) managers of manufacturing units in India's Jammu and Kashmir. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis of survey data revealed that the post-COVID-19 era has accelerated the adoption of green HRM practices within an organisation. Additionally, these eco-friendly HRM techniques are closely related to establishing organisational sustainability in the post-COVID-19 era. Further, the findings suggest a significant moderating role of NGOs in shaping and encouraging voluntary pro-environmental behaviours among employees and intend to guide industrial organisations seeking to enhance their environmental performance.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
References
- Abiddin, N. Z., I. Ibrahim, and S. A. Abdul Aziz. 2022. “Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Their Part Towards Sustainable Community Development.” Sustainability 14, no. 8: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084386.
- Aboramadan, M., Y. M. Kundi, and A. Becker. 2022. “Green Human Resource Management in Non-Profit Organizations: Effects on Employee Green Behavior and the Role of Perceived Green Organizational Support.” Personnel Review 51, no. 7: 1788–1806. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2021-0078.
10.1108/PR-02-2021-0078 Google Scholar
- Al Frijat, Y. S., J. M. Al-Msiedeen, and A. A. Elamer. 2025. “How Green Credit Policies and Climate Change Practices Drive Banking Financial Performance.” Business Strategy & Development 8: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.70090.
10.1002/bsd2.70090 Google Scholar
- Alkhatib, S., P. Kecskés, and V. Keller. 2023. “Green Marketing in the Digital Age: A Systematic Literature Review.” Sustainability 15, no. 16: 12369. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612369.
- Alkhozaim, S. M., F. A. Alshiha, E. M. Alnasser, and A. A. Alshiha. 2024. “How Green Performance Is Affected by Green Talent Management in Tourism and Hospitality Businesses: A Mediation Model.” Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7093. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167093.
- Alshuwaikhat, H. M., and I. Abubakar. 2008. “An Integrated Approach to Achieving Campus Sustainability: Assessment of the Current Campus Environmental Management Practices.” Journal of Cleaner Production 16, no. 16: 1777–1785.
- Amores-Salvadó, J., R. M. Balarezo-Nuñez, G. de Martín-Castro, and C. González-Zubieta. 2025. “Exploring the Human Face of Engaged Environmental Strategies: The Role of Chief Executive Officer and Human Capital in Peruvian Firms.” Business Strategy & Development 8, no. 1: e70068. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.70068.
10.1002/bsd2.70068 Google Scholar
- Amrutha, V. N., and S. N. Geetha. 2020. “A Systematic Review on Green Human Resource Management: Implications for Social Sustainability.” Journal of Cleaner Production 247: 119131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119131.
- Anwar, N., N. H. N. Mahmood, M. Y. Yusliza, T. Ramayah, J. N. Faezah, and W. Khalid. 2020. “Green Human Resource Management for Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Towards the Environment and Environmental Performance on a University Campus.” Journal of Cleaner Production 256: 120401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120401.
- Appelbaum, E., T. Bailey, P. Berg, and A. Kalleberg. 2000. Manufacturing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay off. Cornell University Press.
- Arulrajah, A. A., H. H. D. N. P. Opatha, and N. N. J. Nawaratne. 2015. “Green Human Resource Management Practices: A Review.” http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/11110.
- Asproudis, E., E. Filippiadis, and M. Tian. 2022. “Timing of Environmental Technological Choice and Trade Unions' Climate Solidarity.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 182: 121801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121801.
- Awan, U., I. Gölgeci, D. Makhmadshoev, and N. Mishra. 2022. “Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy in an Era of Global Value Chains: What Have We Learned and What Is Still to Be Explored?” Journal of Cleaner Production 371: 133621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133621.
- Bangare, M. L., P. M. Bangare, E. Ramirez-Asis, R. Jamanca-Anaya, C. Phoemchalard, and D. A. R. Bhat. 2022. “Role of Machine Learning in Improving Tourism and Education Sector.” Materials Today Proceedings 51, no. 8: 2457–2461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.615.
10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.615 Google Scholar
- Barney, J. B. 2001. “Resource-Based Theories of Competitive Advantage: A Ten-Year Retrospective on the Resource-Based View.” Journal of Management 27, no. 6: 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700602.
- Becker, E. 2016. “The Influence of Environmental NGOs in the Global Society.” Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research 2, no. 1: 1–21. https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur/vol2/iss1/17.
- Benevene, P., and I. Buonomo. 2020. “Green Human Resource Management: An Evidence-Based Systematic Literature Review.” Sustainability 12, no. 15: 5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155974.
- Benn, S., S. T. Teo, and A. Martin. 2015. “Employee Participation and Engagement in Working for the Environment.” Personnel Review 44, no. 4: 492–510. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2013-0179.
- Bhat, D. A. R., M. Batool, and I. M. Bhat. 2018. “Examining Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Excelling Role inDevelopment of the Society: A Perspective of Kashmir Division.” International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 5, no. 9: 114–124.
- Bhat, D. A. R., and V. Sharma. 2021. “Dimensionality and Consequences of Service Innovation: An Empirical Study of the Hospitality Industry.” Cogent Business & Management 8, no. 1: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1924931.
10.1080/23311975.2021.1924931 Google Scholar
- Boiral, O., D. Talbot, and P. Paillé. 2015. “Leading by Example: A Model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment.” Business Strategy and the Environment 24, no. 6: 532–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1835.
- Bon, A. T., A. A. Zaid, and A. Jaaron. 2018. “ Green Human Resource Management, Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Sustainable Performance.” In 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM), Bandung, Indonesia, March 6–8, 167–176. IEOM Society International.
- Bradley, D., I. Kim, and X. Tian. 2017. “Do Unions Affect Innovation?” Management Science 63, no. 7: 2251–2271.
- Chinga-Carrasco, G. 2009. “Exploring the Multi-Scale Structure of Printing Paper: A Review of Modern Technology.” Journal of Microscopy 234, no. 3: 211–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03164.x.
- Chowdhury, S. R., M. A. Islam, S. Guha, M. Rahman, and N. L. Sanju. 2025. “Assessing the Indirect Nexus Between Green Human Resource Management and Employee Green Behavior: A Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach.” Business Strategy & Development 8, no. 1: e70075. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.70075.
10.1002/bsd2.70075 Google Scholar
- Chun, H. M., and S. Y. Shin. 2018. “The Impact of Labor Union Influence on Corporate Social Responsibility.” Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061922.
- Cooke, S. J., W. M. Twardek, A. J. Lynch, et al. 2021. “A Global Perspective on the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Freshwater Fish Biodiversity.” Biological Conservation 253: 108932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108932.
- Cucinotta, D., and M. Vanelli. 2020. “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.” Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 91, no. 1: 157. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397.
- Daily, B. F., J. W. Bishop, and N. Govindarajulu. 2009. “A Conceptual Model for Organisational Citizenship Behavior Directed Toward the Environment.” Business & Society 48, no. 2: 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650308315439.
10.1177/0007650308315439 Google Scholar
- Daily, B. F., J. W. Bishop, and J. A. Massoud. 2012. “The Role of Training and Empowerment in Environmental Performance: A Study of the Mexican Maquiladora Industry.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management 32, no. 5: 631–647.
- Davis, M. C., K. L. Unsworth, S. V. Russell, and J. J. Galvan. 2020. “Can Green Behaviors Really Be Increased for All Employees? Trade-Offs for “Deep Greens” in a Goal-Oriented Green Human Resource Management Intervention.” Business Strategy and the Environment 29, no. 2: 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2367.
- Dempsey, N., G. Bramley, S. Power, and C. Brown. 2011. “The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development: Defining Urban Social Sustainability.” Sustainable Development 19, no. 5: 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.417.
- Din, A. U., Y. Yang, R. Yan, A. Wei, and M. Ali. 2024. “Growing Success With Sustainability: The Influence of Green HRM, Innovation, and Competitive Advantage on Environmental Performance in the Manufacturing Industry.” Heliyon 10, no. 10: e30855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30855.
- Dourish, P. 2010. “ HCI and Environmental Sustainability: The Politics of Design and the Design of Politics.” In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, 1–10. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). https://doi.org/10.1145/1858171.1858173.
10.1145/1858171.1858173 Google Scholar
- Dumont, J., J. Shen, and X. Deng. 2017. “Effects of Green HRM Practices on Employee Workplace Green Behavior: The Role of Psychological Green Climate and Employee Green Values.” Human Resource Management 56, no. 4: 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21792.
- Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. Buchner, and A. G. Lang. 2009. “Statistical Power Analyses Using G* Power 3.1: Tests for Correlation and Regression Analyses.” Behavior Research Methods 41, no. 4: 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
- Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. G. Lang, and A. Buchner. 2007. “G* Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39, no. 2: 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
- Felstead, A., and G. Henseke. 2017. “Assessing the Growth of Remote Working and Its Consequences for Effort, Well-Being and Work-Life Balance.” New Technology, Work and Employment 32, no. 3: 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097.
- Fonseca, A. P., and S. Carnicelli. 2021. “Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability in a Hospitality Family Business.” Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7091. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137091.
- Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics.” Journal of Marketing Research 18, no. 3: 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313.
- Freire, C., and P. Pieta. 2022. “The Impact of Green Human Resource Management on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification and Job Satisfaction.” Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7557. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137557.
- Fuhr, J. P., and S. Pociask. 2011. “Broadband and Telecommuting: Helping the US Environment and the Economy.” Low Carbon Economy 2, no. 1: 41. https://doi.org/10.4236/lce.2011.21007.
10.4236/lce.2011.21007 Google Scholar
- Gelencsér, M., Z. Kőmüves, G. Hollósy-Vadász, and G. Szabó-Szentgróti. 2024. “Modelling Employee Retention in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Large Enterprises in a Dynamically Changing Business Environment.” International Journal of Organizational Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-09-2023-39.
- Gholami, R., R. T. Watson, H. Hasan, A. Molla, and N. Bjorn-Andersen. 2016. “Information Systems Solutions for Environmental Sustainability: How Can We Do More?” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 17, no. 8: 2. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00435.
10.17705/1jais.00435 Google Scholar
- Ginsberg, J. M., and P. N. Bloom. 2004. “Choosing the Right Green Marketing Strategy.” MIT Sloan Management Review 46, no. 1: 79–84.
- Gladysz, B., K. Krystosiak, K. Ejsmont, A. Kluczek, and A. Buczacki. 2021. “Sustainable Printing 4.0—Insights From a Polish Survey.” Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910916.
- Goodland, R. 1995. “The Concept of Environmental Sustainability.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, no. 1: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000245.
10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000245 Google Scholar
- Guerci, M., A. Longoni, and D. Luzzini. 2016. “Translating Stakeholder Pressures Into Environmental Performance: The Mediating Role of Green HRM Practices.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 27, no. 2: 262–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1065431.
- Gupta, H. 2018. “Assessing Organisations Performance on the Basis of GHRM Practices Using BWM and Fuzzy TOPSIS.” Journal of Environmental Management 226: 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.005.
- Hair, J. F., G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, M. Sarstedt, and K. O. Thiele. 2017. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: A Comparative Evaluation of Composite-Based Structural Equation Modeling Methods.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 45: 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0517-x.
- Hair, J. F., C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2013. “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance.” Long Range Planning 46, no. 1–2: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.016.
- Hair, J. F., J. J. Risher, M. Sarstedt, and C. M. Ringle. 2019. “When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM.” European Business Review 31, no. 1: 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.
- Hair, J. F., Jr., M. Sarstedt, L. Hopkins, and V. G. Kuppelwieser. 2014. “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): An Emerging Tool in Business Research.” European Business Review 26, no. 2: 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128.
10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 Google Scholar
- Hair, J. F., Jr., M. Sarstedt, L. M. Matthews, and C. M. Ringle. 2016. “Identifying and Treating Unobserved Heterogeneity With FIMIX-PLS: Part I–Method.” European Business Review 28, no. 1: 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094.
- Henseler, J., C. M. Ringle, and R. R. Sinkovics. 2009. “ The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing.” In New Challenges to International Marketing, vol. 20, 277–319. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014.
- Holland, P. J., and C. Brewster. 2021. “ Redesigning Work as a Response to the Global Pandemic: Possibilities and Pitfalls.” In IGI Global, Handbook of Research on Remote Work and Worker Well-Being in the Post-COVID-19 Era, 104–121. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6754-8.ch007.
10.4018/978-1-7998-6754-8.ch007 Google Scholar
- Jackson, S. E., D. W. Renwick, C. J. Jabbour, and M. Muller-Camen. 2011. “State-Of-The-Art and Future Directions for Green Human Resource Management: Introduction to the Special Issue.” German Journal of Human Resource Management 25, no. 2: 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700221102500203.
10.1177/239700221102500203 Google Scholar
- Jahanshahi, A. A., T. Maghsoudi, and N. Shafighi. 2021. “Employees' Environmentally Responsible Behavior: The Critical Role of Environmental Justice Perception.” Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 17, no. 1: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1820701.
- Jasanoff, S. 1997. “NGOs and the Environment: From Knowledge to Action.” Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3: 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599714885.
- Kalt, T. 2022. “Agents of Transition or Defenders of the Status Quo? Trade Union Strategies in Green Transitions.” Journal of Industrial Relations 64, no. 4: 499–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/002218562110517.
10.1177/00221856211051794 Google Scholar
- Kaur, H., and R. Gupta. 2024. “Analysing Green Interpersonal Citizenship Behaviour as a Mediator Between Green HRM and Green Outcomes: A Study of Manufacturing Units.” Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 31, no. 6: 5155–5173. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2856.
- Keating, E. 2020. “These Aussie Gin Distilleries Are Producing Hand Sanitiser to Help Meet National Demand, and Keep Their Staff in Work.” Accessed 20 January, 2021. https://www.smartcompany.com.au/coronavirus/australian-gin-distilleries-hand-sanitiser-covid19/.
- Kiron, D., N. Kruschwitz, K. Haanaes, and I. V. S. Velken. 2012. “Sustainability Nears a Tipping Point.” MIT Sloan Management Review 53, no. 2: 69–74.
- Lai, K. H., T. C. E. Cheng, and A. K. Tang. 2010. “Green Retailing: Factors for Success.” California Management Review 52, no. 2: 6–31. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2010.52.2.6.
- Le, T. T., and D. H. Tham. 2024. “Nexus of Green Human Resource Management and Sustainable Corporate Performance: The Mediating Roles of Green Behavior and Green Commitment.” Journal of Trade Science 12, no. 2: 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTS-11-2023-0028.
10.1108/JTS-11-2023-0028 Google Scholar
- Mahato, S., S. Pal, and K. G. Ghosh. 2020. “Effect of Lockdown Amid COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality of the Megacity Delhi, India.” Science of the Total Environment 730: 139086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139086.
- Mandip, G. 2012. “Green HRM: People Management Commitment to Environmental Sustainability.” Research Journal of Recent Sciences, ISSN, 2277 1: 2502.
- Martinez-del-Rio, J., J. Cespedes-Lorente, and E. Carmona-Moreno. 2012. “High-Involvement Work Practices and Environmental Capabilities: How HIWPs Create Environmentally Based Sustainable Competitive Advantages.” Human Resource Management 51, no. 6: 827–850.
- Meng, J., M. Murad, C. Li, A. Bakhtawar, and S. F. Ashraf. 2023. “Green Lifestyle: A Tie Between Green Human Resource Management Practices and Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior.” Sustainability 15, no. 1: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010044.
- Mishra, P. 2017. “Green Human Resource Management: A Framework for Sustainable Organizational Development in an Emerging Economy.” International Journal of Organizational Analysis 25, no. 5: 762–788. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-11-2016-1079.
10.1108/IJOA-11-2016-1079 Google Scholar
- Mishra, R. K., S. Sarkar, and J. Kiranmai. 2014. “Green HRM: Innovative Approach in Indian Public Enterprises.” World Review of Science Technology and Sustainable Development 11, no. 1: 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRSTSD.2014.062374.
10.1504/WRSTSD.2014.062374 Google Scholar
- Mostafa, B. A., and R. S. Saleh. 2023. “The Relationship Between Green Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Citizenship Behavior.” International Business Research 16, no. 4: 15–26. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v16n4p15.
10.5539/ibr.v16n4p15 Google Scholar
- Mousa, S. K., and M. Othman. 2020. “The Impact of Green Human Resource Management Practices on Sustainable Performance in Healthcare Organisations: A Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Cleaner Production 243: 118595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118595.
- Ngo, O. T. L., and T. Q. Ngo. 2023. “Sustainable Development in Vietnamese Exporters: Assessing the Influence of Green Innovation, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Green Hrm: The Role of Green Commitment and Green Knowledge Sharing.” International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 15, no. 2: 106–130.
- Nielsen, T. M., D. G. Bachrach, E. Sundstrom, and T. R. Halfhill. 2012. “Utility of OCB: Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Group Performance in a Resource Allocation Framework.” Journal of Management 38, no. 2: 668–694. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309356326.
- Njoroge, M., W. Anderson, and O. Mbura. 2019. “Innovation Strategy and Economic Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry.” Bottom Line 32, no. 4: 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/BL-03-2019-0080.
10.1108/BL-03-2019-0080 Google Scholar
- Ogiemwonyi, O., and M. T. Jan. 2023. “The Influence of Collectivism on Consumer Responses to Green Behavior.” Business Strategy & Development 6, no. 4: 542–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.261.
10.1002/bsd2.261 Google Scholar
- Ojo, A. O., and M. Raman. 2019. “ Role of Green HRM Practices in Employees' Pro-Environmental IT Practices.” In New Knowledge in Information Systems and Technologies, vol. 1, 678–688. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16181-1_64.
10.1007/978-3-030-16181-1_64 Google Scholar
- Paillé, P., Y. Chen, O. Boiral, and J. Jin. 2014. “The Impact of Human Resource Management on Environmental Performance: An Employee-Level Study.” Journal of Business Ethics 121: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1732-0.
- Paulet, R., P. Holland, and D. Morgan. 2021. “A Meta-Review of 10 Years of Green Human Resource Management: Is Green HRM Headed Towards a Roadblock or a Revitalisation?” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 59, no. 2: 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12285.
- Pham, N. T., Z. Tučková, and C. J. C. Jabbour. 2019. “Greening the Hospitality Industry: How Do Green Human Resource Management Practices Influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Hotels? Mixed-Methods Study.” Tourism Management 72: 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.008.
10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.008 Google Scholar
- Pintér, Z., K. Tóth, T. Bareith, and J. Varga. 2021. “The Relationship Between Decision and Payment Habits and Its Relation With Wasting: Evidence From Hungary.” Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131.
- Preuss, L., A. Haunschild, and D. Matten. 2006. “Trade Unions and CSR: A European Research Agenda.” Journal of Public Affairs 6, no. 3–4: 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.236.
10.1002/pa.236 Google Scholar
- Rebouças, R., and A. M. Soares. 2021. “Voluntary Simplicity A Literature Review and Research Agenda.” International Journal of Consumer Studies 45, no. 3: 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12621.
- Ren, S., G. Tang, and S. E. Jackson. 2018. “Green Human Resource Management Research in Emergence: A Review and Future Directions.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 35, no. 3: 769–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-017-9532-1.
- Renwick, D. W., T. Redman, and S. Maguire. 2013. “Green Human Resource Management: A Review and Research Agenda.” International Journal of Management Reviews 15, no. 1: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00328.x.
- Renwick, D. W. S., C. J. C. Jabbour, M. Muller-Camen, T. Redman, and A. Wilkinson. 2016. “Contemporary Developments in Green (Environmental) HRM Scholarship.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 27, no. 2: 114–128.
- Riana, I. G., and I. W. P. Wirasedana. 2016. “The Effect of Compensation on Organisational Commitment and Employee Performance With the Labour Union as the Moderating Variable.” Scientific Journal of PPI-UKM 3, no. 2: 83–88. https://doi.org/10.21752/sjppi-ukm/ses/a29082016.
10.21752/sjppi?ukm/ses/a29082016 Google Scholar
- Ringle, C. M., and M. Sarstedt. 2016. “Gain More Insight From Your PLS-SEM Results: The Importance-Performance Map Analysis.” Industrial Management & Data Systems 116, no. 9: 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2015-0449.
- Saini, S., and S. K. Bhaker. 2025. “How Green Hrm Practices Effect Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in the Indian Service Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction.” South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 22, no. 3: 126–141. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2025/v22i3976.
10.9734/sajsse/2025/v22i3976 Google Scholar
- Sathasivam, K., R. Abu Bakar, and R. Che Hashim. 2021. “Embracing Organisational Environmental Sustainability: Experiences in Green Human Resource Management.” Business Strategy & Development 4, no. 2: 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.133.
- Shafaei, A., M. Nejati, and Y. M. Yusoff. 2020. “Green Human Resource Management: A Two-Study Investigation of Antecedents and Outcomes.” International Journal of Manpower 41, no. 7: 1041–1060. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2019-0406.
- Shah, M. 2019. “Green Human Resource Management: Development of a Valid Measurement Scale.” Business Strategy and the Environment 28, no. 5: 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2279.
- Shakil, M. H., M. Mukarram, G. Hussain, R. N. Idrees, and A. Sajjad. 2024. “The Influence of Green Human Resource Management on Environmental Performance: An Empirical Study Investigated in the Pollutant Industries of Pakistan.” Business Strategy & Development 7, no. 1: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.313.
10.1002/bsd2.313 Google Scholar
- Sharma, S., M. Zhang, J. Gao, H. Zhang, and S. H. Kota. 2020. “Effect of Restricted Emissions During COVID-19 on Air Quality in India.” Science of the Total Environment 728: 138878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878.
- Sharma, V., and D. A. R. Bhat. 2023a. “The Role of Community Involvement in Sustainable Tourism Strategies: A Social and Environmental Innovation Perspective.” Business Strategy and Development 6, no. 2: 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.227.
- Sharma, V., and D. A. R. Bhat. 2023b. “ Resilience and Recovery Strategies to Tackle COVID-19 Pandemic and Alike Crisis: A Systematic Review and Critical Examination of the Tourism and Hospitality Industry.” In COVID-19, Tourist Destinations and Prospects for Recovery, edited by K. Dube, G. Nhamo, and M. P. Swart, 303–324. Springer.
10.1007/978-3-031-22257-3_16 Google Scholar
- Singh, M. K., V. Kumar, and T. Ahmad. 2020. “Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Working Culture: An Exploratory Research Among Information Technology (IT) Professionals in Bengaluru, Karnataka (India).” Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology 12, no. 5: 3176–3184. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mithilesh-Singh-14/publication/342657957.
- Spangenberg, J. H. 2005. “Economic Sustainability of the Economy: Concepts and Indicators.” International Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 1–2: 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2005.007374.
10.1504/IJSD.2005.007374 Google Scholar
- Tang, G., Y. Chen, Y. Jiang, P. Paillé, and J. Jia. 2018. “Green Human Resource Management Practices: Scale Development and Validity.” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 56, no. 1: 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12147.
- Tariq, S., F. A. Jan, and M. S. Ahmad. 2016. “Green Employee Empowerment: A Systematic Literature Review on State-Of-Art in Green Human Resource Management.” Quality & Quantity 50: 237–269.
- Tzafrir, S. S. 2005. “The Relationship Between Trust, HRM Practices and Firm Performance.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 16, no. 9: 1600–1622. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500239135.
- Usman, M., and D. Balsalobre-Lorente. 2022. “Environmental Concern in the Era of Industrialization: Can Financial Development, Renewable Energy and Natural Resources Alleviate Some Load?” Energy Policy 162: 112780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112780.
- Vachon, S., and R. D. Klassen. 2006. “Green Project Partnership in the Supply Chain: The Case of the Package Printing Industry.” Journal of Cleaner Production 14, no. 6–7: 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.014.
- Vazquez-Brust, D., C. J. C. Jabbour, J. A. Plaza-Úbeda, M. Perez-Valls, A. B. L. de Sousa Jabbour, and D. W. Renwick. 2023. “The Role of Green Human Resource Management in the Translation of Greening Pressures Into Environmental Protection Practices.” Business Strategy and the Environment 32, no. 6: 3628–3648.
- Vinkóczi, T., É. H. Rácz, and J. P. Koltai. 2023. “Consumer Perception of the Zero-Waste Concept: A Hungarian Case Study.” Chemical Engineering Transactions 107: 355–360. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2310706.
10.3303/CET2310706 Google Scholar
- Wagner, A. 2011. The Origins of Evolutionary Innovations: A Theory of Transformative Change in Living Systems. OUP Oxford.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692590.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Wagner, M. 2013. “‘Green’ Human Resource Benefits: Do They Matter as Determinants of Environmental Management System Implementation?” Journal of Business Ethics 114: 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1356-9.
10.1007/s10551-012-1356-9 Google Scholar
- Wang, Y., and Q. Zhi. 2016. “The Role of Green Finance in Environmental Protection: Two Aspects of Market Mechanism and Policies.” Energy Procedia 104: 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.053.
10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.053 Google Scholar
- Watson, K., B. Klingenberg, T. Polito, and T. G. Geurts. 2004. “Impact of Environmental Management System Implementation on Financial Performance.” Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 15, no. 6: 622–628. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830410560700.
10.1108/14777830410560700 Google Scholar
- Yong, J. Y., M. Y. Yusliza, and O. O. Fawehinmi. 2020a. “Green Human Resource Management: A Systematic Literature Review From 2007 to 2019.” Benchmarking: An International Journal 27, no. 7: 2005–2027. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2018-0438.
- Yong, J. Y., M. Y. Yusliza, T. Ramayah, C. J. Chiappetta Jabbour, S. Sehnem, and M. Venkatesh. 2020b. “Pathways Towards Sustainability in Manufacturing Organizations: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Green Human Resource Management.” Business Strategy and the Environment 29, no. 1: 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2359.
- Yuan, Y., S. Ren, G. Tang, H. Ji, F. L. Cooke, and Z. Wang. 2023. “How Green Human Resource Management Affects Employee Voluntary Workplace Green Behaviour: An Integrated Model.” Human Resource Management Journal 34, no. 1: 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12510.
- Zihan, W., and Z. K. M. Makhbul. 2024. “Green Human Resource Management as a Catalyst for Sustainable Performance: Unveiling the Role of Green Innovations.” Sustainability 16: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041453.
- Zoogah, D. B. 2011. “The Dynamics of Green HRM Behaviors: A Cognitive Social Information Processing Approach.” German Journal of Human Resource Management 25, no. 2: 117–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700221102500204.
10.1177/239700221102500204 Google Scholar