RESEARCH ARTICLE
Atypical brain network development of infants at elevated likelihood for autism spectrum disorder during the first year of life
Fen Zhang,
Floor Moerman,
Haijing Niu,
Petra Warreyn,
Herbert Roeyers,
Corresponding Author
Fen Zhang
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Correspondence
Fen Zhang, ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFloor Moerman
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorHaijing Niu
State Key Lab. of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorPetra Warreyn
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorHerbert Roeyers
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorFen Zhang,
Floor Moerman,
Haijing Niu,
Petra Warreyn,
Herbert Roeyers,
Corresponding Author
Fen Zhang
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Correspondence
Fen Zhang, ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFloor Moerman
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorHaijing Niu
State Key Lab. of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorPetra Warreyn
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorHerbert Roeyers
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: China Scholarship Council, Grant/Award Number: 201606750005; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Grant/Award Number: FWO-SBO-S001517N; Support Fund Marguerite-Marie Delacroix
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by behavioral features that appear early in life. Although studies have shown that atypical brain functional and structural connectivity are associated with these behavioral traits, the occurrence and initial alterations of brain networks have not been fully investigated. The current study aimed to map early brain network efficiency and information transferring in infants at elevated likelihood (EL) compared to infants at typical likelihood (TL) for ASD in the first year of life. This study used a resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) approach to obtain the length and strength of functional connections in the frontal and temporal areas in 45 5-month-old and 38 10-month-old infants. Modular organization and small-world properties were detected in both EL and TL infants at 5 and 10 months. In 5-month-old EL infants, local and nodal efficiency were significantly greater than age-matched TL infants, indicating overgrown local connections. Furthermore, we used a support vector machine (SVM) model to classify infants with or without EL based on the obtained global properties of the network, achieving an accuracy of 77.6%. These results suggest that infants with EL for ASD exhibit inefficiencies in the organization of brain networks during the first year of life.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| aur2827-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 563.4 KB | Figure S1. The functional connectivity of deoxy-hemoglobin (Hbb) in each group. The averaged correlation matrices (the upper panel) and corresponding distribution of the r values (the lower panel) were indicated. The color scale represents r-values ranging from −0.2 to 0.8. Figure S2. The functional connectivity of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) in EL subgroups of preterm and sibling infants. The averaged correlation matrices (the upper panel) and corresponding distribution of the r values (the lower panel) were indicated. The color scale represents r-values ranging from −0.2 to 0.8. Figure S3. The normalized clustering coefficient and characteristic path length at 1%–50% sparsity thresholds. The normalized values, by comparing the real network properties to the matched random network, in each group at different sparsity thresholds and violin distributions were depicted. **p < 0.01. Figure S4. The behavior-brain relation in 5- and 10-month-old infants with EL for ASD including participants who provided data at two age points. (A) The topographic map and channel layout. The blue circle indicates that the nodal degree and efficiency of channel 37 negatively correlated with symbolic scores, and the red circle indicates that nodal degree and efficiency of channel 49 positively correlated with social scores. (B) Scatter plot of the correlation between node properties and CSBS scores. *p < 0.05, †0.05 < p < 0.1 corrected by FDR. Table S1. Participants characteristics within the EL group. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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