RESEARCH ARTICLE

Ballistic Penetration Behavior of a Novel Tissue Analogs Paraffin Target: Experiment, Simulation, and Theory

Yakun Qiao

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (lead), Validation (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)

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Jie Wang,

Corresponding Author

Jie Wang

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-3247

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Key Laboratory of Advanced Intelligent Protective Equipment Technology, Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China

Correspondence:

Jie Wang ([email protected])

Zhanfang Liu ([email protected])

Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Funding acquisition (lead), Supervision (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)

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Di Lei,

Di Lei

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (equal)

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Shuyan Nie,

Shuyan Nie

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Investigation (equal), Software (supporting), Validation (supporting)

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Zhen Wei,

Zhen Wei

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Formal analysis (supporting), Supervision (equal), Visualization (supporting)

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Liangfei Gong,

Liangfei Gong

State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Data curation (supporting), Funding acquisition (supporting), Project administration (equal)

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Jianmin Wang,

Jianmin Wang

Medical Center of Army, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Data curation (supporting), Investigation (supporting), Supervision (equal)

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Zhanfang Liu,

Corresponding Author

Zhanfang Liu

[email protected]

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Correspondence:

Jie Wang ([email protected])

Zhanfang Liu ([email protected])

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (lead)

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Yakun Qiao,

Yakun Qiao

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (lead), Validation (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)

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Jie Wang,

Corresponding Author

Jie Wang

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-3247

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Key Laboratory of Advanced Intelligent Protective Equipment Technology, Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China

Correspondence:

Jie Wang ([email protected])

Zhanfang Liu ([email protected])

Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Funding acquisition (lead), Supervision (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)

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Di Lei,

Di Lei

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (equal)

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Shuyan Nie,

Shuyan Nie

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Investigation (equal), Software (supporting), Validation (supporting)

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Zhen Wei,

Zhen Wei

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Formal analysis (supporting), Supervision (equal), Visualization (supporting)

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Liangfei Gong,

Liangfei Gong

State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Data curation (supporting), Funding acquisition (supporting), Project administration (equal)

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Jianmin Wang,

Jianmin Wang

Medical Center of Army, Chongqing, China

Contribution: Data curation (supporting), Investigation (supporting), Supervision (equal)

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Zhanfang Liu,

Corresponding Author

Zhanfang Liu

[email protected]

College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Correspondence:

Jie Wang ([email protected])

Zhanfang Liu ([email protected])

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (lead)

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First published: 06 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56685

Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 (12302464, 12202087), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities https://doi.org/10.13039/501100012226 (02410052020029), and Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN202300725).

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ABSTRACT

The tissue analog targets (TATs) are widely used in biodamage and weapon damage effectiveness evaluation research. Given the issues of commonly used TATs, such as the low plasticity of gelatin and the environmental pollution caused by the fabrication of soap, this paper innovatively proposes to use paraffin as the raw material for making TATs. Firstly, the paraffin target samples are prepared by melt casting process, and the quasi-static mechanical properties, antibullet properties, and corresponding ballistic characteristics of paraffin targets are obtained by MTS quasi-static test and 7.62 mm ballistic gun test, respectively. Then, LS-DYNA is utilized to construct the finite-element (FE) model of fragment penetration on a ballistic paraffin target. After validating the FE model with ballistic gun test data, we systematically simulate the ballistic penetration behavior of fragments with different materials, shapes, and geometries on ballistic paraffin targets, and reveal the relationship between the depth of penetration of the ballistic paraffin target and the impact velocity of various fragments. Based on the classic penetration resistance theory, a theoretical model for predicting the depth of penetration on ballistic paraffin targets has been established, and the quantitative expressions for the fragment shape and material parameters in the proposed model are given by considering both data of the ballistic gun test and the FE simulation. This work can provide novel ideas and methods for the development and upgrading of TATs.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Volume142, Issue14

April 10, 2025

e56685

Ballistic Penetration Behavior of a Novel Tissue Analogs Paraffin Target: Experiment, Simulation, and Theory

ABSTRACT

Conflicts of Interest

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

References

References

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Ballistic Penetration Behavior of a Novel Tissue Analogs Paraffin Target: Experiment, Simulation, and Theory

ABSTRACT

Conflicts of Interest

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

References

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