Construction of epoxy resin with enhanced flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and satisfactory transparency based on a novel bi-DOPO and hydrogen-bonding network
Xiaoling Lin
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorXingzhen Xiao
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Investigation (equal), Software (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorDingsi Li
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorYonghui Wang
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorXinrong Chen
College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Formal analysis (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorWei Zhong
Research and Development Department, Waexim (Xiamen) New Materials Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
Contribution: Software (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorJiashui Lan
Research and Development Department, Waexim (Xiamen) New Materials Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
Contribution: Formal analysis (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorSimeng Zhang
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorHuagui Zhang
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Methodology (equal), Validation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mingfeng Chen
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Correspondence
Mingfeng Chen, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoling Lin
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorXingzhen Xiao
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Investigation (equal), Software (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorDingsi Li
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorYonghui Wang
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorXinrong Chen
College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Formal analysis (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorWei Zhong
Research and Development Department, Waexim (Xiamen) New Materials Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
Contribution: Software (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorJiashui Lan
Research and Development Department, Waexim (Xiamen) New Materials Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
Contribution: Formal analysis (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorSimeng Zhang
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorHuagui Zhang
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Contribution: Methodology (equal), Validation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mingfeng Chen
Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
Correspondence
Mingfeng Chen, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Establishment of high-performance epoxy resin with satisfactory fire safety, mechanical properties, and excellent transparency is urgently desirable, but still remains significant challenges. Herein, a super-tough yet high flame retardant epoxy resin (EP/BTD) was designed and prepared by incorporating bi-DOPO structure and hydrogen-bonding networks. Although the phosphorus content was only 0.69 wt% (10 wt% of bi-DOPO flame retardant [BTD]), EP/BTD-10 showed a high limiting oxygen index value (33.4%), satisfactory UL-94 rating (V-0), and good heat suppression ability (total heat release [THR] and peak heat release rate [PHRR] reduced to 29.0% and 42.2%, respectively). Furthermore, the flame retardant mechanism of EP/BTD was illustrated and attributed to dual-phase fire-retardant effect. Additionally, EP/BTD-7.5 featured notably mechanical properties, of which the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength increased by 44.6%, 40.0%, and 232.6%, respectively, due to hydrogen-bonding network and π–π interaction. More importantly, EP/BTD maintained high visible light transmittance and excellent UV-blocking properties. In summary, this work provided a guidance for the development of high-performance epoxy resin and was expected to expand the practical applications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Research data are not shared.
REFERENCES
- 1A. Patel, S. Mekala, O. Kravchenko, T. Yilmaz, D. Yuan, L. Yue, R. Gross, I. Manas-Zloczower, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 16382.
- 2X. Liu, B. Liu, X. Luo, D. Guo, H. Zhong, L. Chen, Y. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 380, 122471.
- 3D. Santiago, D. Guzmán, J. Padilla, P. Verdugo, S. De la Flor, À. Serra, ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023, 5, 2006.
- 4A. Shundo, S. Yamamoto, K. Tanaka, JACS Au 2022, 2, 1522.
- 5Q. Xiang, F. Xiao, Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 235, 117529.
- 6B. Wang, Z. Yin, Y. Zhang, P. Jia, R. He, F. Yu, Y. Hu, Mater. Today. Phys. 2022, 26, 100724.
- 7L. Chen, S. Chai, K. Liu, N. Ning, J. Gao, Q. Liu, F. Chen, Q. Fu, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2012, 4, 4398.
- 8M. Schwaiger, C. Waly, M. Huszar, G. Oreski, M. Feuchter, F. Arbeiter, K. Resch-Fauster, Polym. Test. 2023, 124, 108098.
- 9C. Gao, L. Guo, P. Yuan, Y. Qiao, A. Xing, X. Li, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 475, 146241.
- 10Y. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Tan, M. Qi, L. Chen, Y. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 337, 30.
- 11Y. Chen, C. Peng, X. Liu, Z. Fu, B. Guo, W. Du, Y. Xu, B. Zeng, G. Chen, W. Luo, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 481, 148405.
- 12T. Zhang, J. Tan, X. Han, Q. Fu, M. Chen, Y. Xu, X. Zhu, Polym. Test. 2021, 94, 107053.
- 13J. Zhang, Z. Gong, C. Wu, T. Li, Y. Tang, J. Wu, C. Jiang, M. Miao, D. Zhang, Green Chem. 2022, 24, 6900.
- 14Y. Fang, S. Xiong, H. Huang, J. Zhu, J. Yu, Y. Wang, Z. Hu, Compos. B Eng. 2020, 197, 108184.
- 15L. Zhang, Z. Zhao, Y. Huang, C. Zhu, X. Cao, Y. Ni, Polymer 2023, 15, 2400.
- 16Z. Tuo, K. Chen, Q. Zhou, Y. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Lin, Y. Liang, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2024, 250, 110510.
- 17J. He, L. Li, J. Zhou, J. Tian, Y. Chen, H. Zou, M. Liang, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2023, 231, 109815.
- 18S. Jeong, C. Park, H. Song, J. Heo, J. Lee, J. Cleaner Prod. 2022, 368, 133241.
- 19Q. Luo, Y. Sun, B. Yu, C. Li, J. Song, D. Tan, J. Zhao, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2019, 165, 137.
- 20S. Wang, S. Lou, P. Fan, L. Ma, J. Liu, T. Tang, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2023, 213, 110364.
- 21Y. Tan, Z. Shao, X. Chen, J. Long, L. Chen, Y. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2015, 7, 17919.
- 22Y. Feng, C. He, Y. Wen, Y. Ye, X. Zhou, X. Xie, Y. Mai, Compos. Part A-Appl. S. 2017, 103, 74.
- 23Y. Zou, W. Cui, D. Chen, F. Luo, H. Li, ACS. Appl. Mater. Inter. 2023, 15, 47463.
- 24Y. Zou, Z. Xiong, Y. Li, W. Cui, F. Luo, H. Li, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 476, 146651.
- 25J. Taibi, S. Rouif, J. L. Clément, B. Ameduri, R. Sonnier, B. Otazaghine, Ind. Crop. Prod. 2022, 176, 114334.
- 26J. Ding, J. Wang, W. Cao, H. Zheng, Z. Guo, Z. Fang, P. Chen, J. Li, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 6416.
- 27S. Wang, S. Ma, C. Xu, Y. Liu, J. Dai, Z. Wang, X. Liu, J. Chen, X. Shen, J. Wei, Macromolecules 2017, 50, 1892.
- 28X. Cheng, S. Dong, H. Yang, L. P. Zhao, J. Guan, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2022, 201, 109974.
- 29L. Wang, L. Gao, C. Zuo, W. Tan, Y. Ren, X. Liu, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2024, 223, 110716.
- 30K. Liu, Y. Li, L. Tao, C. Liu, R. Xiao, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2019, 163, 151.
- 31X. Wu, T. Gou, Q. Zhao, L. Chen, P. Wang, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 194, 945.
- 32X. Feng, G. Li, Appl. Mater. Today 2021, 23, 101056.
- 33J. Liu, J. Dai, S. Wang, Y. Peng, L. Cao, X. Liu, Compos. B Eng. 2020, 190, 107926.
- 34Y. Zou, Z. Shi, J. Shi, F. Luo, H. Li, Constr. Build. Mater. 2024, 426, 136166.
- 35D. Jiao, H. Zhao, H. Sima, C. Cheng, B. Liu, C. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 485, 149910.
- 36Z. Zhu, L. Wang, L. Dong, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2019, 162, 129.
- 37C. Liu, T. Chen, C. Yuan, C. Song, Y. Chang, G. Chen, Y. Xu, L. Dai, J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 3462.
- 38M. Yu, T. Zhang, J. Li, J. Tan, M. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. Zhu, ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2022, 4, 1794.
- 39B. Hou, X. Shan, B. Li, Y. Zhang, B. Xu, Q. Cui, Z. Chen, J. Li, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2024, 12, 6748.
- 40W. He, P. Song, B. Yu, Z. Fang, H. Wang, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2020, 114, 100687.
- 41S. Huo, S. Yang, J. Wang, J. Cheng, Q. Zhang, Y. Hu, G. Ding, Q. Zhang, P. Song, J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 386, 121984.
- 42P. Wang, L. Chen, H. Xiao, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2019, 139, 104.
- 43S. Xia, Z. Zhang, Y. Leng, B. Li, M. Xu, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2018, 134, 632.
- 44L. Ruan, D. Hu, W. Ma, J. Vinyl. Addit. Techn. 2024, 30, 825.
- 45Y. Qi, X. Huan, Q. Xu, D. Bao, D. Zhang, G. Zhou, Y. Zhang, H. Du, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2024, 141, 13.
- 46Z. Chen, X. He, Z. Cao, Y. Li, D. Chen, Z. Yang, Z. Lei, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2024, 141, 38.
- 47Z. Chen, X. He, Z. Cao, Y. Li, D. Chen, Z. Yang, Z. Lei, Fire Mater. 2024, 48, 752.
- 48Q. Bi, Y. Li, L. He, D. Wang, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2024, 229, 110968.
- 49F. Luo, S. Yang, Z. Shi, Y. Zou, H. Li, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2024, 227, 110894.
- 50J. Zhang, X. Mi, S. Chen, Z. Xu, D. Zhang, M. Miao, J. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 381, 122719.
- 51X. Dai, P. Li, Y. Sui, C. Zhang, Eur. Polym. J. 2021, 147, 110319.
- 52G. Yang, W. Wu, Y. Wang, Y. Jiao, L. Lu, H. Qu, X. Qin, J. Hazard. Mater. 2019, 366, 78.
- 53M. Li, H. Zhao, J. Cheng, T. Wang, T. Fu, A. Zhang, Y. Wang, Engineering 2022, 17, 151.
- 54H. Rong, Y. Guo, Z. Chen, T. Chen, Y. Yu, C. He, J. Zhou, X. Liu, Q. Zhang, Y. Bu, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2023, 216, 110471.
- 55X. Wang, Q. Liu, J. Wang, J. Liu, S. Long, D. Wang, React. Funct. Polym. 2022, 176, 105289.
- 56P. Li, B. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Xu, Z. Jiang, C. Dong, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, P. Zhu, Carbohyd. Polym. 2020, 237, 116173.
- 57W. Bai, X. Yang, X. Du, Z. Qian, Y. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Yao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 504, 144179.
- 58X. Jin, W. Li, S. Wang, Y. Li, C. Yang, Z. Lu, C. Dong, Ind. Crop. Prod. 2023, 191, 115934.
- 59J. Cao, H. Duan, J. Zou, J. Zhang, H. Ma, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2021, 187, 109548.
- 60S. Wang, S. Wang, M. Shen, X. Xu, H. Liu, D. Wang, H. Wang, S. Shang, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 8623.
- 61B. Chen, W. Luo, J. Lv, S. Lin, B. Zheng, H. Zhang, M. Chen, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2022, 205, 110132.
- 62W. Guo, X. Wang, J. Huang, X. Mu, W. Cai, L. Song, Y. Hu, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 423, 130192.
- 63T. Ai, G. Zou, W. Feng, P. Wang, B. Lu, Z. Ren, J. Ji, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 13792.
- 64P. Wang, H. Xiao, C. Duan, B. Wen, Z. Li, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2020, 173, 109078.
- 65J. Zou, H. Duan, Y. Chen, S. Ji, J. Cao, H. Ma, Compos. B Eng. 2020, 199, 108228.
- 66D. Lei, Z. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Liu, Macromolecules 2024, 57, 1362.
- 67D. Kang, G. Park, H. Park, H. Im, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2017, 144, 107.
- 68X. Liu, Y. Xiao, X. Luo, B. Liu, D. Guo, L. Chen, Y. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 427, 132031.
