Doping of Organic Semiconductors: Impact of Dopant Strength and Electronic Coupling†
Henry Méndez
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Departamento de Física, Carrera 7 No. 43-82 Ed.52, Bogotá (Colombia)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Georg Heimel
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)Search for more papers by this authorAndreas Opitz
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorKatrein Sauer
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick Barkowski
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorMartin Oehzelt
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie – BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorJunshi Soeda
Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorToshihiro Okamoto
Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorJun Takeya
Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Baptiste Arlin
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Chimie des Polymères, CP206/1 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium)
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Yves Balandier
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Chimie des Polymères, CP206/1 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium)
Search for more papers by this authorYves Geerts
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Chimie des Polymères, CP206/1 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium)
Search for more papers by this authorNorbert Koch
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie – BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ingo Salzmann
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)Search for more papers by this authorHenry Méndez
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Departamento de Física, Carrera 7 No. 43-82 Ed.52, Bogotá (Colombia)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Georg Heimel
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)Search for more papers by this authorAndreas Opitz
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorKatrein Sauer
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick Barkowski
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorMartin Oehzelt
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie – BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorJunshi Soeda
Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorToshihiro Okamoto
Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorJun Takeya
Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Baptiste Arlin
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Chimie des Polymères, CP206/1 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium)
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Yves Balandier
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Chimie des Polymères, CP206/1 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium)
Search for more papers by this authorYves Geerts
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Chimie des Polymères, CP206/1 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium)
Search for more papers by this authorNorbert Koch
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie – BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ingo Salzmann
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin (Germany)Search for more papers by this authorWe thank Paul Zybarth and Timo Florian (HU Berlin), Wolfgang Caliebe (DESY—HASYLAB), and Roland Resel and Alexander Pichler (TU Graz, Austria) for experimental support, Günter Wagner (Leibniz Institut für Kristallzüchtung) for film-thickness measurements, and Armin Moser (TU Graz, Austria) for providing the software package PyGid. This research was financially supported by the Academic Vice-Rectorate of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Colombia) and the Katholischer Akademischer Ausländer Dienst (KAAD) (H.M.), as well as by the ARC program of the Communauté française de Belgique (grant no. 20061 to Y.G., J.Y.B., J.B.A.).
Graphical Abstract
Molecular doping: The standard model for molecular p-doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) assumes integer charge transfer between OSC and dopant. This is in contrast to an alternative model based on intermolecular complex formation instead. By systematically varying the acceptor strength it was possible to discriminate the two models. The latter is clearly favored, suggesting strategies for the chemical design of more efficient molecular dopants.
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