Chapter 6
Mapping Methods for Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation
William G. Stevenson MD,
David Callans MD,
Andrea d'Avila MD,
Hans Kottkamp MD,
Eduardo Sosa MD,
Yan Yao MD,
William G. Stevenson MD
Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid Callans MD
Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea d'Avila MD
Cardiac Arrhythmias Service, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHans Kottkamp MD
Leiter Rhythmologie Hirslanden, Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorEduardo Sosa MD
Clinical Arrhythmias and Pacemaker Unit—Heart Institute, University of San Paulo Medical School, San Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorYan Yao MD
Arrhythmia Service Center, Fuwai Heart Hospital, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam G. Stevenson MD,
David Callans MD,
Andrea d'Avila MD,
Hans Kottkamp MD,
Eduardo Sosa MD,
Yan Yao MD,
William G. Stevenson MD
Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid Callans MD
Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea d'Avila MD
Cardiac Arrhythmias Service, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHans Kottkamp MD
Leiter Rhythmologie Hirslanden, Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorEduardo Sosa MD
Clinical Arrhythmias and Pacemaker Unit—Heart Institute, University of San Paulo Medical School, San Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorYan Yao MD
Arrhythmia Service Center, Fuwai Heart Hospital, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Andrea Natale MD, FACC, FHRS,
Antonio Raviele MD, FESC,
Andrea Natale MD, FACC, FHRS
Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, CA, USA
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Raviele MD, FESC
Cardiovascular Department, Arrhythmia Center & Center for Atrial Fibrillation, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Venice-Mestre, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 11 September 2009
Summary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Activation mapping of ventricular tachycardia
-
Pace mapping
-
Entrainment mapping
-
Substrate mapping
-
Transthoracic epicardial mapping and ablation
-
Epicardial radiofrequency ablation
-
References
References
- Delacretaz E, Soejima K, Gottipaty VK, Brunckhorst CB, Friedman PL, Stevenson WG. Single catheter determination of local electrogram prematurity using simultaneous uni-polar and bipolar recordings to replace the surface ECG as a timing reference. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001; 24: 441–449.
- Man KC, Daoud EG, Knight BP, et al. Accuracy of the unipolar electrogram for identification of the site of origin of ventricular activation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997; 8: 974–979.
- de Bakker JMT, Hauer RNW, Simmers TA. Activation mapping: unipolar versus bipolar recording. In: Zipes DP & Jalife J, eds. Cardiac Electrophysiology. From Cell to Bedside, 2nd edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1995: 068.
- Stevenson WG, Soejima K. Recording techniques for clinical electrophysiology. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16: 1017–1022.
- Joshi S, Wilber DJ. Ablation of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: current perspectives. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16 (Suppl. 1): S52–S58.
- Good E, Desjardins B, Jongnarangsin K, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias originating from a papillary muscle in patients without prior infarction: a comparison with fascicular arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 1530–1537.
- Lopera G, Stevenson WG, Soejima K, et al. Identification and ablation of three types of ventricular tachycardia involving the his-purkinje system in patients with heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004; 15: 52–58.
- Nakagawa H, Beckman KJ, McClelland JH, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia guided by a Purkinje potential. Circulation 1993; 88: 2607–2617.
- Ouyang F, Cappato R, Ernst S, et al. Electroanatomic substrate of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia: unidirectional block and macroreentry within the purkinje network. Circulation 2002; 105: 462–469.
- Marrouche NF, Verma A, Wazni O, et al. Mode of initiation and ablation of ventricular fibrillation storms in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1715–1720.
- Haissaguerre M, Extramiana F, Hocini M, et al. Mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation associated with long-QT and Brugada syndromes. Circulation 2003; 108: 925–928.
- Szumowski L, Sanders P, Walczak F, et al. Mapping and ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1700–1706.
- Nogami A, Naito S, Tada H, et al. Demonstration of diastolic and presystolic Purkinje potentials as critical potentials in a macroreentry circuit of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 811–823.
- Bogun F, Good E, Reich S, et al. Role of Purkinje fibers in post-infarction ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2500–2507.
- Harada T, Stevenson WG, Kocovic DZ, Friedman PL. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: relation of endocardial sinus rhythm late potentials to the reentry circuit. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1015–1023.
- Nogami A, Sugiyasu A, Tada H, et al. Changes in the isolated delayed component as an endpoint of catheter ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: predictor for long-term success. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 681–688.
- Bogun F, Bender B, Li YG, et al. Analysis during sinus rhythm of critical sites in reentry circuits of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2002; 7: 95–103.
- Aiba T, Shimizu W, Taguchi A, et al. Clinical usefulness of a multielectrode basket catheter for idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from right ventricular outflow tract. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001; 12: 511–517.
- Schilling RJ, Peters NS, Davies DW. Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human left ventricle using a noncontact catheter: comparison of contact and reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm. Circulation 1998; 98: 887–898.
- Sivagangabalan G, Pouliopoulos J, Huang K, et al. Comparison of electroanatomic contact and noncontact mapping of ventricular scar in a postinfarct ovine model with intramural needle electrode recording and histological validation. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2008; 1: 363–369.
- Thiagalingam A, Wallace EM, Campbell CR, et al. Value of noncontact mapping for identifying left ventricular scar in an ovine model. Circulation 2004; 110: 3175–3180.
- Jacobson JT, Afonso VX, Eisenman G, et al. Characterization of the infarct substrate and ventricular tachycardia circuits with noncontact unipolar mapping in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 189–197.
- Voss F, Bauer A, Witte S, Katus HA, Becker R. Can noncontact mapping distinguish between endo- and epicardial foci? Clin Res Cardiol 2008; 97: 734–741.
- Betts TR, Roberts PR, Allen SA, Morgan JM. Radiofrequency ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia at the site of earliest activation as determined by noncontact mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000; 11: 1094–1101.
-
Friedman PA, Asirvatham SJ, Grice S, et al. Noncontact mapping to guide ablation of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1808–1812.
10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01864-8 Google Scholar
- Fung JW, Chan HC, Chan JY, Chan WW, Kum LC, Sanderson JE. Ablation of nonsustained or hemodynamically unstable ventricular arrhythmia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract guided by noncontact mapping. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26: 1699–1705.
- Yao Y, Zhang S, He DS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of the ventricular tachycardia with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy using non-contact mapping. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30: 526–533.
- Chen M, Yang B, Zou J, et al. Non-contact mapping and linear ablation of the left posterior fascicle during sinus rhythm in the treatment of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia. Europace 2005; 7: 138–144.
-
Della Bella P, Pappalardo A, Riva S, Tondo C, Fassini G, Trevisi N. Non-contact mapping to guide catheter ablation of untolerated ventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 742–752.
10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50210.x Google Scholar
- Carbucicchio C, Santamaria M, Trevisi N, et al. Catheter ablation for the treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: short- and long-term outcomes in a prospective single-center study. Circulation 2008; 117: 462–469.
- Klemm HU, Ventura R, Steven D, et al. Catheter ablation of multiple ventricular tachycardias after myocardial infarction guided by combined contact and noncontact mapping. Circulation 2007; 115: 2697–2704.
- Segal OR, Chow AW, Markides V, Schilling RJ, Peters NS, Davies DW. Long-term results after ablation of infarct-related ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 474–482.
- Josephson ME, Waxman HL, Cain ME, Gardner MJ, Buxton AE. Ventricular activation during ventricular endocardial pacing. II. Role of pace-mapping to localize origin of ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50: 11–22.
- Bogun F, Taj M, Ting M, et al. Spatial resolution of pace mapping of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia/ectopy originating in the right ventricular outflow tract. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 339–344.
- Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Maisel WH, Sapp JL, Epstein LM. Electrically unexcitable scar mapping based on pacing threshold for identification of the reentry circuit isthmus: feasibility for guiding ventricular tachycardia ablation. Circulation 2002; 106: 1678–1683.
- Kadish AH, Childs K, Schmaltz S, Morady F. Differences in QRS configuration during unipolar pacing from adjacent sites: implications for the spatial resolution of pace-mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 143–151.
- Kadish AH, Schmaltz S, Morady F. A comparison of QRS complexes resulting from uni-polar and bipolar pacing: implications for pace-mapping. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991; 14: 823–832.
- Marchlinski FE, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Zado E. Linear ablation lesions for control of unmappable ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2000; 101: 1288–1296.
- Azegami K, Wilber DJ, Arruda M, Lin AC, Denman RA. Spatial resolution of pacemap-ping and activation mapping in patients with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16: 823–829.
- Gerstenfeld EP, Dixit S, Callans DJ, Rajawat Y, Rho R, Marchlinski FE. Quantitative comparison of spontaneous and paced 12-lead electrocardiogram during right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2046–2053.
- Yamada T, Murakami Y, Yoshida N, et al. Preferential conduction across the ventricular outflow septum in ventricular arrhythmias originating from the aortic sinus cusp. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 884–891.
- Kottkamp H, Wetzel U, Schirdewahn P, et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in remote myocardial infarction: substrate description guiding placement of individual linear lesions targeting noninducibility. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 675–681.
- Brunckhorst CB, Delacretaz E, Soejima K, Maisel WH, Friedman PL, Stevenson WG. Identification of the ventricular tachycardia isthmus after infarction by pace mapping. Circulation 2004; 110: 652–659.
- Stevenson WG, Khan H, Sager P, et al. Identification of reentry circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia late after myocar-dial infarction. Circulation 1993; 88: 1647–1670.
- D’Avila A, Nellens P, Andries E, Brugada P. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction: a point-of-view. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994; 17: 532–541.
- Tung S, Soejima K, Maisel WH, Suzuki M, Epstein L, Stevenson WG. Recognition of farfield electrograms during entrainment mapping of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 110–115.
- Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Maisel WH, et al. The N 1 difference: a new measure for entrainment mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1386–1394.
-
Delacretaz E, Stevenson WG. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary heart disease. Part I: Mapping. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001; 24: 1261–1277.
10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01261.x Google Scholar
- Bogun F, Kim HM, Han J, et al. Comparison of mapping criteria for hemodynamically tolerated, postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 20–26.
- El-Shalakany A, Hadjis T, Papageorgiou P, Monahan K, Epstein L, Josephson ME. Entrainment/mapping criteria for the prediction of termination of ventricular tachycardia by single radiofrequency lesion in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999; 99: 2283–2289.
- Bogun F, Krishnan SC, Marine JE, et al. Catheter ablation guided by termination of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia by pacing with nonglobal capture. Heart Rhythm 2004; 1: 422–426.
- Bogun F, Good E, Han J, et al. Mechanical interruption of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia as a guide for catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 687–691.
- Soejima K, Suzuki M, Maisel WH, et al. Catheter ablation in patients with multiple and unstable ventricular tachycardias after myocardial infarction: short ablation lines guided by reentry circuit isthmuses and sinus rhythm mapping. Circulation 2001; 104: 664–669.
- Callans DJ, Zado E, Sarter BH, Schwartzman D, Gottlieb CD, Marchlinski FE. Efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 429–432.
- Stevenson WG, Wilber DJ, Natale A, et al. Irrigated radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by electroanatomic mapping for recurrent ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: the multicenter thermocool ventricular tachycardia ablation trial. Circulation 2008; 118: 2773–2782.
- Miller JM, Kienzle MG, Harken AH, Josephson ME. Subendocardial resection for ventricular tachycardia: predictors of surgical success. Circulation 1984; 70: 624–631.
- Callans DJ, Ren JF, Michele J, Marchlinski FE, Dillon SM. Electroanatomic left ventricular mapping in the porcine model of healed anterior myocardial infarction: correlation with intracardiac echocardiography and pathological analysis [In Process Citation]. Circulation 1999; 100: 1744–1750.
- Wrobleski D, Houghtaling C, Josephson ME, Ruskin JN, Reddy VY. Use of electrogram characteristics during sinus rhythm to delineate the endocardial scar in a porcine model of healed myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 524–529.
- Reddy VY, Neuzil P, Taborsky M, Ruskin JN. Short-term results of substrate mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ischemic ventricular tachycardia using a saline-irrigated catheter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2228–2236.
- Hsia HH, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Characterization of endocardial electrophysiological substrate in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2003; 108: 704–710.
- Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Sapp JL, Selwyn AP, Couper G, Epstein LM. Endocardial and epicardial radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia associated with dilated cardiomyopathy: the importance of low-voltage scars. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1834–1842.
- Marchlinski FE, Zado E, Dixit S, et al. Electroanatomic substrate and outcome of catheter ablative therapy for ventricular tachycardia in setting of right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004; 110: 2293–2298.
- Corrado D, Basso C, Leoni L, et al. Three-dimensional electroanatomic voltage mapping increases accuracy of diagnosing arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/ dysplasia. Circulation 2005; 111: 3042–3050.
- Oza S, Wilber DJ. Substrate-based endocardial ablation of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 607–609.
- Arenal A, Glez-Torrecilla E, Ortiz M, et al. Ablation of electrograms with an isolated, delayed component as treatment of unmappable monomorphic ventricular tachycardias in patients with structural heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 81–92.
- Arenal A, del Castillo S, Gonzalez-Torrecilla E, et al. Tachycardia-related channel in the scar tissue in patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardias: influence of the voltage scar definition. Circulation 2004; 110: 2568–2574.
- Hsia HH, Lin D, Sauer WH, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Anatomic characterization of endocardial substrate for hemodynamically stable reentrant ventricular tachycardia: identification of endocardial conducting channels. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 503–512.
- Reddy VY, Reynolds MR, Neuzil P, et al. Prophylactic catheter ablation for the prevention of defibrillator therapy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2657–2665.
- Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d’Avila A, Oliveira F, Ramires JA. Nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1442–1449.
- Sosa E, Scanavacca M, D’Avila A, et al. Endocardial and epicardial ablation guided by nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial mapping to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9: 229–239.
- Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d’Avila A, Pilleggi F. A new technique to perform epicardial mapping in the electrophysiology laboratory. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996; 7: 531–535.
- d’Avila A, Scanavacca M, Sosa E. Transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 1110–1111.
- d’Avila A, Houghtaling C, Gutierrez P, et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular epicardial tissue: a comparison of standard and cooled-tip radiofrequency energy. Circulation 2004; 109: 2363–2369.
- D’Avila A, Gutierrez P, Scanavacca M, et al. Effects of radiofrequency pulses delivered in the vicinity of the coronary arteries: implications for nonsurgical transthoracic epicar-dial catheter ablation to treat ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002; 25: 1488–1495.
- Schweikert RA, Saliba WI, Tomassoni G, et al. Percutaneous pericardial instrumentation for endo-epicardial mapping of previously failed ablations. Circulation 2003; 108: 1329–1335.
- Daniels DV, Lu YY, Morton JB, et al. Idiopathic epicardial left ventricular tachycardia originating remote from the sinus of Valsalva: electrophysiological characteristics, catheter ablation, and identification from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Circulation 2006; 113: 1659–1666.
