Chapter 6
Blockchain Technology for Industry 4.0
Rajiv Kumar Berwer,
Sanjeev Indora,
Dinesh Kumar Atal,
Vivek Yadav,
Rajiv Kumar Berwer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Search for more papers by this authorSanjeev Indora
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Search for more papers by this authorDinesh Kumar Atal
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Search for more papers by this authorVivek Yadav
Expresslending Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorRajiv Kumar Berwer,
Sanjeev Indora,
Dinesh Kumar Atal,
Vivek Yadav,
Rajiv Kumar Berwer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Search for more papers by this authorSanjeev Indora
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Search for more papers by this authorDinesh Kumar Atal
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Search for more papers by this authorVivek Yadav
Expresslending Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Mahmoud Ragab AL-Refaey,
Amit Kumar Tyagi,
Abdullah Saad AL-Malaise AL-Ghamdi,
Swetta Kukreja,
Mahmoud Ragab AL-Refaey
Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Naseir City, Cairo, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorAmit Kumar Tyagi
Department of Fashion Technology, National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorAbdullah Saad AL-Malaise AL-Ghamdi
Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Information Systems Department, School of Engineering, Computing and Design, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorSwetta Kukreja
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 05 April 2024
Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain have become the primary technologies that are essential to the development of a smart society. Due to their numerous uses in our daily lives, these technologies are becoming increasingly popular. Industry 4.0 is the advancement of how present businesses operate to attain superior efficiency, end-to-end connectivity, lower expenses, and better quality. By utilizing technology from the IoTs, artificial intelligence (AI), or data analytics, it tries to achieve interconnectivity and automation. Better automation and connectivity are not without problems, though. Among them include building trust and dependability, increasing transparency, product traceability, creating a productive supply chain, safely storing and exchanging transactional data, and certification for quality compliance. Blockchain technology is used in several industrial applications because of its decentralization, immutability, authenticity, and transparency properties, and it also has various features related to accessibility, such as smart contract, proof of work, DApps, and so on. Blockchain is not limited to Bitcoin (cryptocurrency); it can be used in many industries like health care, supply management, financial organizations, and so on. The chapter covers the use of blockchain technology in several Industry 4.0 applications and how it might solve their problems. The basics of Industry 4.0 are covered first. Following that, an explanation of blockchain's operation and its potential role in Industry 4.0 is provided. The problems of Industry 4.0 are further discussed, along with potential solutions using blockchain technology. The difficulties associated with applying blockchain technology to the development of Industry 4.0 are also covered in this chapter.
References
- Lu , Y. ( 2017 ). Industry 4.0: a survey on technologies, applications and open research issues . Journal of Industrial Information Integration 6 : 1 – 10 .
- Machado , C.G. , Winroth , M.P. , and Ribeiro da Silva , E.H.D. ( 2020 ). Sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0: an emerging research agenda . International Journal of Production Research 58 ( 5 ): 1462 – 1484 .
- Lu , Y. ( 2021 ). The current status and developing trends of Industry 4.0: a review . Information Systems Frontiers 1 – 20 .
- Nayernia , H. , Bahemia , H. , and Papagiannidis , S. ( 2022 ). A systematic review of the implementation of Industry 4.0 from the organisational perspective . International Journal of Production Research 60 ( 14 ): 4365 – 4396 .
- Alcácer , V. and Cruz-Machado , V. ( 2019 ). Scanning the Industry 4.0: a literature review on technologies for manufacturing systems . Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 22 ( 3 ): 899 – 919 .
-
Singh , H.
(
2021
).
Big data, Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems integration: a smart industry context
.
Materials Today Proceedings
46
:
157
–
162
.
10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.170 Google Scholar
- Mohamed , M. ( 2018 ). Challenges and benefits of Industry 4.0: an overview . International Journal of Supply and Operations Management 5 ( 3 ): 256 – 265 .
- Tambare , P. , Meshram , C. , Lee , C.C. et al. ( 2021 ). Performance measurement system and quality management in data-driven Industry 4.0: a review . Sensors 22 ( 1 ): 224 .
- Duy , P.T. , Hien , D.T.T. , Hien , D.H. and Pham , V.H. ( 2018 ). A survey on opportunities and challenges of Blockchain technology adoption for revolutionary innovation . Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology , 200 – 207 (6–7 Dec 2018). Da Nang City, Vietnam : ACM dl publication .
- Li , X. , Wang , Z. , Leung , V.C. et al. ( 2021 ). Blockchain-empowered data-driven networks: a survey and outlook . ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 54 ( 3 ): 1 – 38 .
- Law , A. ( 2017 ). Smart contracts and their application in supply chain management . Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
- Javaid , M. , Haleem , A. , Singh , R.P. et al. ( 2021 ). Blockchain technology applications for Industry 4.0: a literature-based review . Blockchain: Research and Applications 2 ( 4 ): 100027 .
- Manogaran , G. , Thota , C. , Lopez , D. , and Sundarasekar , R. ( 2017 ). Big data security intelligence for healthcare industry 4.0 . Cybersecurity for Industry 4.0: Analysis for Design and Manufacturing , 103 – 126 .
-
Vafiadis , N.V.
and
Taefi , T.T.
(
2019
).
Differentiating blockchain technology to optimize the processes quality in industry 4.0
. In:
2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)
,
864
–
869
.
IEEE
.
10.1109/WF-IoT.2019.8767288 Google Scholar
-
Reda , M.
,
Kanga , D.B.
,
Fatima , T.
, and
Azouazi , M.
(
2020
).
Blockchain in health supply chain management: state of art challenges and opportunities
.
Procedia Computer Science
175
:
706
–
709
.
10.1016/j.procs.2020.07.104 Google Scholar
- Leng , J. , Ruan , G. , Jiang , P. et al. ( 2020 ). Blockchain-empowered sustainable manufacturing and product lifecycle management in Industry 4.0: a survey . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 132 : 110112 .
- Dos Santos , L.M.A.L. , da Costa , M.B. , Kothe , J.V. et al. ( 2021 ). Industry 4.0 collaborative networks for industrial performance . Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 32 ( 2 ): 245 – 265 .
- Esmaeilian , B. , Sarkis , J. , Lewis , K. , and Behdad , S. ( 2020 ). Blockchain for the future of sustainable supply chain management in Industry 4.0 . Resources, Conservation and Recycling 163 : 105064 .
- Yaqoob , I. , Salah , K. , Jayaraman , R. , and Al-Hammadi , Y. ( 2021 ). Blockchain for healthcare data management: opportunities, challenges, and future recommendations . Neural Computing and Applications 34 : 1 – 16 .
- Aoun , A. , Ilinca , A. , Ghandour , M. , and Ibrahim , H. ( 2021 ). A review of Industry 4.0 characteristics and challenges, with potential improvements using blockchain technology . Computers & Industrial Engineering 162 : 107746 .
- El Ioini , N. and Pahl , C. ( 2018 ). A review of distributed ledger technologies . On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems. OTM 2018 Conferences: Confederated International Conferences: CoopIS, C&TC, and ODBASE 2018 (October 22–26, 2018), Valletta, Malta . Proceedings , Part, 277 – 288 . Springer International Publishing .
- Abdelhamid , M. and Hassan , G. ( 2019 ). Blockchain and smart contracts . Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Software and Information Engineering , 91 – 95 (9–12 April 2019). Cairo, Egypt : ACM dl publication .
-
Taherdoost , H.
(
2023
).
Smart contracts in Blockchain technology: a critical review
.
Information
14
(
2
):
117
.
10.3390/info14020117 Google Scholar
- Dinh , T.T.A. , Liu , R. , Zhang , M. et al. ( 2018 ). Untangling blockchain: a data processing view of blockchain systems . IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 30 ( 7 ): 1366 – 1385 .
-
Zheng , Z.
,
Xie , S.
,
Dai , H.
et al. (
2017
).
An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends
. In:
2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress)
,
557
–
564
.
IEEE
.
10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85 Google Scholar
- Kaur , M. and Gupta , S. ( 2021 ). Blockchain technology for convergence: an overview, applications, and challenges . Blockchain and AI Technology in the Industrial Internet of Things , 1 - 17 .
- Akbar , N.A. , Muneer , A. , ElHakim , N. , and Fati , S.M. ( 2021 ). Distributed hybrid double-spending attack prevention mechanism for proof-of-work and proof-of-stake blockchain consensuses . Future Internet 13 ( 11 ): 285 .
- Tasca , P. , Thanabalasingham , T. , and Tessone , C.J. ( 2017 ). Ontology of Blockchain Technologies. Principles of Identification and Classification , 10 . SSRN Electronic Journal .
- Rikken , O. , Janssen , M. , and Kwee , Z. ( 2019 ). Governance challenges of blockchain and decentralized autonomous organizations . Information Polity 24 ( 4 ): 397 – 417 .
- Salmon , J. and Myers , G. ( 2019 ). Blockchain and associated legal issues for emerging markets .
- Idrees , S.M. , Aijaz , I. , Jameel , R. , and Nowostawski , M. ( 2021 ). Exploring the blockchain technology: issues, applications and research potential . International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering 17 ( 7 ): 48 – 69 .
- Madine , M. , Salah , K. , Jayaraman , R. et al. ( 2021 ). Appxchain: application-level interoperability for blockchain networks . IEEE Access 9 : 87777 – 87791 .
- Belchior , R. , Vasconcelos , A. , Guerreiro , S. , and Correia , M. ( 2021 ). A survey on blockchain interoperability: past, present, and future trends . ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 54 ( 8 ): 1 – 41 .
- Worley , C. and Skjellum , A. ( 2018 ). Blockchain tradeoffs and challenges for current and emerging applications: generalization, fragmentation, sidechains, and scalability . 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) , 1582 – 1587 . IEEE .
- Zhang , P. , Schmidt , D.C. , White , J. , and Lenz , G. ( 2018 ). Blockchain technology use cases in healthcare . In: Advances in Computers , vol. 111 (ed. P. Raj and G.C. Deka ), 1 – 41 . Elsevier .
-
Dugan , M.
and
Wilkins , W.
(
2018
).
Blockchain and cryptography for secure information sharing
. In:
Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Networks
(ed.
M. Gilbert
),
69
–
82
.
Chapman and Hall/CRC
.
10.1201/9781351130165-4 Google Scholar
- Schulte , S. , Sigwart , M. , Frauenthaler , P. and Borkowski , M. ( 2019 ). Towards blockchain interoperability . Business Process Management: Blockchain and Central and Eastern Europe Forum: BPM 2019 Blockchain and CEE Forum (September 1–6, 2019), Vienna, Austria . Proceedings 17, 3 – 10 . Springer International Publishing .
- Liu , Y. , Lu , Q. , Yu , G. et al. ( 2022 ). Defining blockchain governance principles: a comprehensive framework . Information Systems 109 : 102090 .
- Chituc , C.M. , Toscano , C. , and Azevedo , A. ( 2008 ). Interoperability in collaborative networks: independent and industry-specific initiatives–the case of the footwear industry . Computers in Industry 59 ( 7 ): 741 – 757 .
-
Meunier , S.
(
2018
).
Blockchain 101: what is blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work?
In:
Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains
(ed.
A. Marke
),
23
–
34
.
Academic Press
.
10.1016/B978-0-12-814447-3.00003-3 Google Scholar
- Shafagh , H. , Burkhalter , L. , Hithnawi , A. , and Duquennoy , S. ( 2017 ). November. Towards blockchain-based auditable storage and sharing of IoT data . Proceedings of the 2017 on Cloud Computing Security Workshop , 45–50 (3 November 2017). Dallas, Texas, USA : ACM dl publication .
- Kodym , O. , Kubáč , L. , and Kavka , L. ( 2020 ). Risks associated with logistics 4.0 and their minimization using blockchain . Open Engineering 10 ( 1 ): 74 – 85 .
-
George , G.M.
and
Jayashree , L.S.
(
2021
).
A survey on user privacy preserving blockchain for health insurance using ethereum smart contract
.
International Journal of Information Privacy, Security and Integrity
5
(
2
):
111
–
137
.
10.1504/IJIPSI.2021.120354 Google Scholar
- Liu , Y. , He , D. , Obaidat , M.S. et al. ( 2020 ). Blockchain-based identity management systems: a review . Journal of Network and Computer Applications 166 : 102731 .
- Giannopoulou , A. and Ferrari , V. , ( 2019 ). Distributed data protection and liability on blockchains . Internet Science: INSCI 2018 International Workshops (October 24–26, 2018), St. Petersburg, Russia . Revised Selected Papers 5, 203–211. Springer International Publishing .
- Idrees , S.M. , Nowostawski , M. , Jameel , R. , and Mourya , A.K. ( 2021 ). Security aspects of blockchain technology intended for industrial applications . Electronics 10 ( 8 ): 951 .
- Ali , S. , Wang , G. , White , B. , and Cottrell , R.L. ( 2018 ). A blockchain-based decentralized data storage and access framework for pinger . 2018 17th IEEE international conference on trust, security and privacy in computing and communications/12th IEEE international conference on big data science and engineering (TrustCom/BigDataSE) , 1303 – 1308 . IEEE .
-
Saini , K.
(
2021
).
Blockchain foundation
. In:
Essential Enterprise Blockchain Concepts and Applications
(ed.
P.-A. Champin
,
F.L. Gandon
, and
L. Médini
),
1
–
14
.
Auerbach Publications
.
10.1201/9781003097990-1 Google Scholar
- Nguyen , H.L. , Ignat , C.L. , and Perrin , O. ( 2018 ). Trusternity: Auditing transparent log server with blockchain . Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018 , 79 – 80 .
- Rejeb , A. , Keogh , J.G. , and Treiblmaier , H. ( 2019 ). Leveraging the internet of things and blockchain technology in supply chain management . Future Internet 11 ( 7 ): 161 .
- Ahmad , R.W. , Salah , K. , Jayaraman , R. et al. ( 2021 ). The role of blockchain technology in telehealth and telemedicine . International Journal of Medical Informatics 148 : 104399 .
- Taylor , P.J. , Dargahi , T. , Dehghantanha , A. et al. ( 2020 ). A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security . Digital Communications and Networks 6 ( 2 ): 147 – 156 .
- Pohlmann , N. ( 2022 ). Transport layer security (TLS)/secure socket layer (SSL) . In: Cyber Security: The Textbook on Concepts, Principles, Mechanisms, Architectures and Properties of Cyber Security Systems in Digitization (ed. N. Pohlmann ), 439 – 473 . Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden .
- Alshamrani , H. ( 2014 ). Internet protocol security (IPSec) mechanisms . International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 5 ( 5 ): 2229 – 5518 .
- Mrsic , L. , Adamek , J. , and Cicek , I. ( 2019 ). Off-the-Record (OTR) Security Protocol Application in Cloud Environment . International Conference on Communication and Intelligent Systems , 195 – 206 . Singapore : Springer Singapore .
-
Roh , C.H.
and
Lee , I.Y.
(
2020
).
A study on PGP (pretty good privacy) using blockchain
. In:
Advances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing: CSA-CUTE 2018
(ed.
V.R.Q. Leithardt
),
316
–
320
.
Springer Singapore
.
10.1007/978-981-13-9341-9_54 Google Scholar
- Younes , O. and Albalawi , U. ( 2022 ). Securing session initiation protocol . Sensors 22 ( 23 ): 9103 .
- Rescorla , E. , Tschofenig , H. , and Modadugu , N. ( 2022 ). RFC 9147: The Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version 1.3 .
-
Yadav , U.
and
Sharma , A.
(
2023
).
Network security in evolving networking technologies: developments and future directions
. In:
Evolving Networking Technologies: Developments and Future Directions
(ed.
V.R.Q. Leithardt
),
75
–
95
.
MDPI
.
10.1002/9781119836667.ch5 Google Scholar
- Naik , N. and Jenkins , P. ( 2020 ). Self-Sovereign Identity Specifications: Govern your identity through your digital wallet using blockchain technology . 2020 8th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Cloud Computing, Services, and Engineering (MobileCloud) , 90 – 95 . IEEE .
- Diro , A. , Lu Zhou , L. , Saini , A. et al. Leveraging Blockchain for Zero Knowledge Identify Sharing: A Survey of Advancements, Challenges and Opportunities . Akanksha and Kaisar, Shahriar and Pham, Hiep, Leveraging Blockchain for Zero Knowledge Identify Sharing: A Survey of Advancements, Challenges and Opportunities.
- Schlatt , V. , Sedlmeir , J. , Feulner , S. , and Urbach , N. ( 2022 ). Designing a framework for digital KYC processes built on blockchain-based self-sovereign identity . Information & Management 59 ( 7 ): 103553 .
- Stockburger , L. , Kokosioulis , G. , Mukkamala , A. et al. ( 2021 ). Blockchain-enabled decentralized identity management: the case of self-sovereign identity in public transportation . Blockchain: Research and Applications 2 ( 2 ): 100014 .
- Schardong , F. and Custódio , R. ( 2022 ). Self-sovereign identity: a systematic review, mapping and taxonomy . Sensors 22 ( 15 ): 5641 .
-
Culot , G.
,
Fattori , F.
,
Podrecca , M.
, and
Sartor , M.
(
2019
).
Addressing Industry 4.0 cybersecurity challenges
.
IEEE Engineering Management Review
47
(
3
):
79
–
86
.
10.1109/EMR.2019.2927559 Google Scholar
- Latif , S. , Idrees , Z. , e Huma , Z. , and Ahmad , J. ( 2021 ). Blockchain technology for the industrial internet of things: a comprehensive survey on security challenges, architectures, applications, and future research directions . Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 32 ( 11 ): e4337 .
- Da Xu , L. , Lu , Y. , and Li , L. ( 2021 ). Embedding blockchain technology into IoT for security: a survey . IEEE Internet of Things Journal 8 ( 13 ): 10452 – 10473 .
- Rana , A. , Sharma , S. , Nisar , K. et al. ( 2022 ). The rise of blockchain internet of things (BIoT): secured, device-to-device architecture and simulation scenarios . Applied Sciences 12 ( 15 ): 7694 .
- Choi , S. and Lee , J.H. ( 2020 ). Blockchain-based distributed firmware update architecture for IoT devices . IEEE Access 8 : 37518 – 37525 .
- Dutta , P. , Choi , T.M. , Somani , S. , and Butala , R. ( 2020 ). Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: applications, challenges and research opportunities . Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 142 : 102067 .
- Bernabe , J.B. , Canovas , J.L. , Hernandez-Ramos , J.L. et al. ( 2019 ). Privacy-preserving solutions for blockchain: review and challenges . IEEE Access 7 : 164908 – 164940 .
- Song , Q. , Chen , Y. , Zhong , Y. et al. ( 2021 ). A supply-chain system framework based on internet of things using blockchain technology . ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT) 21 ( 1 ): 1 – 24 .
- Al Breiki , H. , Al Qassem , L. , Salah , K. et al. ( 2019 ). Decentralized access control for IoT data using blockchain and trusted oracles . 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Internet (ICII) , 248 – 257 . IEEE .
- Shah , Z. , Ullah , I. , Li , H. et al. ( 2022 ). Blockchain based solutions to mitigate distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in the internet of things (IoT): a survey . Sensors 22 ( 3 ): 1094 .
- Ali , M.H. , Jaber , M.M. , Abd , S.K. et al. ( 2022 ). Threat analysis and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack recognition in the internet of things (IoT) . Electronics 11 ( 3 ): 494 .
- Demirkan , S. , Demirkan , I. , and McKee , A. ( 2020 ). Blockchain technology in the future of business cyber security and accounting . Journal of Management Analytics 7 ( 2 ): 189 – 208 .
-
Priyadarshini , I.
(
2019
).
Introduction to blockchain technology
. In:
Cyber Security in Parallel and Distributed Computing: Concepts, Techniques, Applications and Case Studies
(ed.
D.N. Le
,
R. Kumar
,
B.K. Mishra
, et al.),
91
–
107
.
10.1002/9781119488330.ch6 Google Scholar
- Gurtu , A. and Johny , J. ( 2019 ). Potential of blockchain technology in supply chain management: a literature review . International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management 49 ( 9 ): 881 – 900 .
- Agrawal , T.K. , Kumar , V. , Pal , R. et al. ( 2021 ). Blockchain-based framework for supply chain traceability: a case example of textile and clothing industry . Computers & Industrial Engineering 154 : 107130 .
- Baralla , G. , Ibba , S. , Marchesi , M. et al. ( 2019 ). A blockchain based system to ensure transparency and reliability in food supply chain . Euro-Par 2018: Parallel Processing Workshops: Euro-Par 2018 International Workshops (August 27–28, 2018), Turin, Italy . Revised Selected Papers 24, 379 – 391 . Springer International Publishing .
- Tijan , E. , Aksentijević , S. , Ivanić , K. , and Jardas , M. ( 2019 ). Blockchain technology implementation in logistics . Sustainability 11 ( 4 ): 1185 .
- Alzahrani , N. and Bulusu , N. ( 2020 ). A new product anti-counterfeiting blockchain using a truly decentralized dynamic consensus protocol . Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 32 ( 12 ): e5232 .
- Yiu , N.C. ( 2021 ). Toward blockchain-enabled supply chain anti-counterfeiting and traceability . Future Internet 13 ( 4 ): 86 .
- Singh , K.K. ( 2022 ). Application of Blockchain Smart Contracts in E-Commerce and Government . arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.01350.
-
Aránguiz , M.
,
Margheri , A.
,
Xu , D.
, and
Tran , B.
(
2021
).
International trade revolution with smart contracts
. In:
The Digital Transformation of Logistics: Demystifying Impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
(ed.
M. Sullivan
and
J. Kern
),
169
–
184
.
John Wiley & Sons
.
10.1002/9781119646495.ch12 Google Scholar
-
Zamorano , J.
,
Alfaro , M.
,
de Oliveira , V.M.
et al. (
2021
).
New manufacturing challenges facing sustainability
.
Manufacturing Letters
30
:
19
–
22
.
10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.09.003 Google Scholar
- Khanfar , A.A. , Iranmanesh , M. , Ghobakhloo , M. et al. ( 2021 ). Applications of blockchain technology in sustainable manufacturing and supply chain management: a systematic review . Sustainability 13 ( 14 ): 7870 .
- Reddy , K.R.K. , Gunasekaran , A. , Kalpana , P. et al. ( 2021 ). Developing a blockchain framework for the automotive supply chain: a systematic review . Computers & Industrial Engineering 157 : 107334 .
- Munirathinam , S. ( 2020 ). Industry 4.0: industrial internet of things (IIOT) . In: Advances in Computers (Vol. 117 , No. 1 (ed. P. Raj and P. Evangeline ), 129 – 164 . Elsevier .
- Srivastava , Y. , Ganguli , S. , Suman Rajest , S. , and Regin , R. ( 2022 ). Smart HR Competencies and Their Applications in Industry 4.0 . A Fusion of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things for Emerging Cyber Systems , 293 – 315 .
- Scherer , M. ( 2017 ). Performance and scalability of blockchain networks and smart contracts .
-
Khan , D.
,
Jung , L.T.
, and
Hashmani , M.A.
(
2021
).
Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability
.
Applied Sciences
11
(
20
):
9372
.
10.3390/app11209372 Google Scholar
- Lafourcade , P. and Lombard-Platet , M. ( 2020 ). About blockchain interoperability . Information Processing Letters 161 : 105976 .
- Irannezhad , E. ( 2020 ). The architectural design requirements of a blockchain-based port community system . The Log 4 ( 4 ): 30 .
-
Finck , M.
(
2018
).
Blockchains: regulating the unknown
.
German Law Journal
19
(
4
):
665
–
692
.
10.1017/S2071832200022847 Google Scholar
-
Farcane , N.
and
Deliu , D.
(
2020
).
Stakes and challenges regarding the financial Auditor's activity in the blockchain era
.
Audit Financiar
18
(
157
).
10.20869/AUDITF/2020/157/004 Google Scholar
- Böhmecke-Schwafert , M. , Wehinger , M. , and Teigland , R. ( 2022 ). Blockchain for the circular economy: theorizing blockchain's role in the transition to a circular economy through an empirical investigation . Business Strategy and the Environment 31 : 3786 – 3801 .
- Jain , S. , Ahuja , N.J. , Srikanth , P. et al. ( 2021 ). Blockchain and autonomous vehicles: recent advances and future directions . IEEE Access 9 : 130264 – 130328 .
-
Narbayeva , S.
,
Bakibayev , T.
,
Abeshev , K.
et al. (
2020
).
Blockchain technology on the way of autonomous vehicles development
.
Transportation Research Procedia
44
:
168
–
175
.
10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.024 Google Scholar
- Cole , R. , Stevenson , M. , and Aitken , J. ( 2019 ). Blockchain technology: implications for operations and supply chain management . Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 24 ( 4 ): 469 – 483 .
- Alkaabi , N. , Salah , K. , Jayaraman , R. et al. ( 2020 ). Blockchain-based traceability and management for additive manufacturing . IEEE Access 8 : 188363 – 188377 .
- Köhler , S. and Pizzol , M. ( 2020 ). Technology assessment of blockchain-based technologies in the food supply chain . Journal of Cleaner Production 269 : 122193 .
- Xu , P. , Lee , J. , Barth , J.R. , and Richey , R.G. ( 2021 ). Blockchain as supply chain technology: considering transparency and security . International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management 51 ( 3 ): 305 – 324 .
- Gadekallu , T.R. , Huynh-The , T. , Wang , W. et al. ( 2022 ). Blockchain for the metaverse: A review . arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.09738.
- Khan , A.A. , Laghari , A.A. , Li , P. et al. ( 2023 ). The collaborative role of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and industrial internet of things in digitalization of small and medium-size enterprises . Scientific Reports 13 ( 1 ): 1656 .
- Zhang , Y. ( 2020 ). Developing cross-border blockchain financial transactions under the belt and road initiative . The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 8 ( 1 ): 143 – 176 .
- Karajovic , M. , Kim , H.M. , and Laskowski , M. ( 2019 ). Thinking outside the block: projected phases of blockchain integration in the accounting industry . Australian Accounting Review 29 ( 2 ): 319 – 330 .
- Malhotra , A. , O'Neill , H. , and Stowell , P. ( 2022 ). Thinking strategically about blockchain adoption and risk mitigation . Business Horizons 65 ( 2 ): 159 – 171 .
- Agerskov , S. , Pedersen , A.B. and Beck , R. ( 2023 ). Ethical Guidelines for Blockchain Systems .
