Polymer Blends and Reinforcements in 4D Printing

Sivanagaraju Namathoti,

Sivanagaraju Namathoti

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Pavan Kumar Gurrala,

Pavan Kumar Gurrala

Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University -PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

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Prakash Chandra,

Prakash Chandra

Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University -PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

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G. Naga Mallikarjun Rao,

G. Naga Mallikarjun Rao

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India

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M. R. K. Vakkalagadda,

M. R. K. Vakkalagadda

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Sivanagaraju Namathoti,

Sivanagaraju Namathoti

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Pavan Kumar Gurrala,

Pavan Kumar Gurrala

Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University -PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

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Prakash Chandra,

Prakash Chandra

Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University -PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

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G. Naga Mallikarjun Rao,

G. Naga Mallikarjun Rao

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India

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M. R. K. Vakkalagadda,

M. R. K. Vakkalagadda

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Book Editor(s):Bijaya Bikram Samal,

Bijaya Bikram Samal

Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

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Cheruvu Siva Kumar,

Cheruvu Siva Kumar

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

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Shailendra Kumar Varshney,

Shailendra Kumar Varshney

Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

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First published: 21 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394213795.ch6

Summary

Shape memory polymers have many applications as they exhibit 100% shape recovery, good shape fixity, and are easy to process. One of the biggest problems with shape memory polymers (SMPs) is the requirement of petroleum-based polluting and non-biodegradable building blocks. To tackle solid waste pollution from petroleum-based plastics, researchers focus on eco-friendly, compostable, and biodegradable polymers. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) stands out for its biodegradability, physical properties, and cost-effectiveness, including high strength, modulus, transparency, processability, and shape memory. However, PLA's brittleness requires plasticization for flexibility, often achieved with citrate esters, oligomeric lactic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), or poly(propylene glycol). Combining blending and reinforcements can customize properties and create multi-stimuli responses in shape memory polymers (SMPs). For example, blending PLA with Fe ₃ O ₄ can enable both thermal and magnetic actuation, enhancing functionality. Furthermore, reinforcements significantly improve their properties and include tunable shape recovery based on the external stimuli. 3D printing of these shape memory blends, polymer composites and understanding their behavior is very important and may further lead to a reduction in their overall cost significantly without sacrificing the required properties. This chapter briefly discusses all the possibilities of SMPs and their blends with the inclusion of reinforcements.

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