Key Driving Trends Toward 6G
Chamitha de Alwis
University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorChamitha de Alwis
University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter discusses the key sixth-generation driving trends elaborating why and how each trend demands a new generation of communication networks. Internet of Things (IoT) envisions to weave a global network of machines and devices that are capable of interacting with each other. The term “Small Data” refers to small data sets representing a limited pool of data in a niche area of interest. Such data sets can provide meaningful insights to manage massive amounts of IoT devices. Self-Sustaining Networks can perform tasks such as self-managing, self-planning, self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-healing, and self-protecting network resources to continuously maintain its Key Performance Indicators. Zero energy IoT devices can harvest energy from the environment to obtain infinite power. Gadget-free communication eliminates the requirement for a user to hold physical communication devices.
References
- W. Saad , M. Bennis , and M. Chen , “ A vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends, technologies, and open research problems ,” IEEE Network , vol. 34 , no. 3 , pp. 134 – 142 , 2019 .
- F. Fang , Y. Xu , Q.-V. Pham , and Z. Ding , “ Energy-efficient design of IRS-NOMA networks ,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , vol. 69 , no. 11 , pp. 14 088 – 14 092 , 2020 .
- M. Giordani , M. Polese , M. Mezzavilla , S. Rangan , and M. Zorzi , “ Toward 6G networks: Use cases and technologies ,” IEEE Communications Magazine , vol. 58 , no. 3 , pp. 55 – 61 , 2020 .
- M. Latva-Aho and K. Leppänen , “ Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence (white paper) ,” Oulu, Finland : 6G Flagship , 2019 .
- L. Mucchi , S. Jayousi , S. Caputo , E. Paoletti , P. Zoppi , S. Geli , and P. Dioniso , “ How 6G technology can change the future wireless healthcare ,” in 2020 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT) IEEE, 2020 , pp. 1 – 6 .
- W. He , D. Goodkind , P. R. Kowal et al ., “ An Aging World: 2015 ,” 2016 .
- “ Global IoT Market will Grow to 24.1 Billion Devices in 2030, Generating $1.5 Trillion Annual Revenue ,” Transforma Insights research, May, 2020 , [Accessed on 29.03.2021]. [Online]. Available: https://transformainsights.com/news/iot-market-24-billion-usd15-trillion-revenue-2030 .
- T.-Y. Chan , Y. Ren , Y.-C. Tseng , and J.-C. Chen , “ Multi-slot allocation protocols for massive IoT devices with small-size uploading data ,” IEEE Wireless Communications Letters , vol. 8 , no. 2 , pp. 448 – 451 , 2018 .
- M. Z. Chowdhury , M. Shahjalal , S. Ahmed , and Y. M. Jang , “ 6G wireless communication systems: Applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions ,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society , vol. 1 , pp. 957 – 975 , 2020 .
- T. Higashino , A. Uchiyama , S. Saruwatari , H. Yamaguchi , and T. Watanabe , “ Context recognition of humans and objects by distributed zero-energy IoT devices ,” in 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) IEEE, 2019 , pp. 1787 – 1796 .
- T. Kumar , P. Porambage , I. Ahmad , M. Liyanage , E. Harjula , and M. Ylianttila , “ Securing gadget-free digital services ,” Computer , vol. 51 , no. 11 , pp. 66 – 77 , 2018 .
- I. Ahmad , T. Kumar , M. Liyanage , M. Ylianttila , T. Koskela , T. Braysy , A. Anttonen , V. Pentikinen , J.-P. Soininen , and J. Huusko , “ Towards gadget-free internet services: A roadmap of the naked world ,” Telematics and Informatics , vol. 35 , no. 1 , pp. 82 – 92 , 2018 .
- I. Lee and K. Lee , “ The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises ,” Business Horizons , vol. 58 , no. 4 , pp. 431 – 440 , 2015 .
- M. H. Miraz , M. Ali , P. S. Excell , and R. Picking , “ A review on Internet of Things (IoT), internet of everything (IoE) and internet of nano things (IoNT) ,” in 2015 Internet Technologies and Applications (ITA) IEEE, 2015 , pp. 219 – 224 .
- N. Janbi , I. Katib , A. Albeshri , and R. Mehmood , “ Distributed artificial intelligence-as-a-service (DAIaaS) for smarter IoE and 6G environments ,” Sensors , vol. 20 , no. 20 , p. 5796 , 2020 .
- Q. Qi , X. Chen , C. Zhong , and Z. Zhang , “ Integration of energy, computation and communication in 6G cellular Internet of Things ,” IEEE Communications Letters , vol. 24 , pp. 1333 – 1337 , 2020 .
- Z. Na , Y. Liu , J. Shi , C. Liu , and Z. Gao , “ UAV-supported clustered NOMA for 6G-enabled Internet of Things: Trajectory planning and resource allocation ,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal , vol. 8 , no. 20 , pp. 15 041 – 15 048 , 2021 .
- B. Sliwa , N. Piatkowski , and C. Wietfeld , “ LIMITS: Lightweight machine learning for IoT systems with resource limitations ,” in ICC 2020-2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) , IEEE, 2020 , pp. 1 – 7 .
- M. Wang , T. Zhu , T. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Yu , and W. Zhou , “ Security and privacy in 6G networks: New areas and new challenges ,” Digital Communications and Networks , vol. 6 , pp. 281 – 291 , 2020 .
- B. Mao , Y. Kawamoto , and N. Kato , “ AI-based joint optimization of QoS and security for 6G energy harvesting Internet of Things ,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal , vol. 7 , pp. 7032 – 7042 , 2020 .
- R. Sekaran , R. Patan , A. Raveendran , F. Al-Turjman , M. Ramachandran , and L. Mostarda , “ Survival study on blockchain based 6G-enabled mobile edge computation for IoT automation ,” IEEE Access , vol. 8 , pp. 143 453 – 143 463 , 2020 .
- C. Liu , W. Feng , Y. Chen , C.-X. Wang , and N. Ge , “ Cell-free satellite-UAV networks for 6G wide-area Internet of Things ,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications , vol. 39 , pp. 1116 – 1131 , 2020 .
- S. Sen , “Context-aware energy-efficient communication for IoT sensor nodes,” in 2016 53nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) IEEE, 2016 , pp. 1 – 6 .
-
S. B. Azmy
,
R. A. Sneineh
,
N. Zorba
, and
H. S. Hassanein
, “
Small data in IoT: An MCS perspective
,” in
Performability in Internet of Things
.
Springer
,
2019
, pp.
209
–
229
.
10.1007/978-3-319-93557-7_11 Google Scholar
- M. Radhakrishnan , S. Sen , S. Vigneshwaran , A. Misra , and R. Balan , “IoT + Small data: Transforming in-store shopping analytics & services,” in 2016 8th international conference on communication systems and networks (COMSNETS) IEEE, 2016 , pp. 1 – 6 .
- X. Tao and C. Ji , “Clustering massive small data for IoT,” in The 2014 2nd International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2014) IEEE, 2014 , pp. 974 – 978 .
- B. Liu , C. Liu , and M. Peng , “ Resource allocation for energy-efficient MEC in NOMA-enabled massive IoT networks ,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications , vol. 39 , pp. 1015 – 1027 , 2020 .
- C. de Alwis , H. K. Arachchi , A. Fernando , and M. Pourazad , “Content and network-aware multicast over wireless networks,” in 10th International Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness IEEE, 2014 , pp. 122 – 128 .
- L. U. Khan , I. Yaqoob , M. Imran , Z. Han , and C. S. Hong , “ 6G wireless systems: A vision, architectural elements, and future directions ,” IEEE Access , vol. 8 , pp. 147 029 – 147 044 , 2020 .
- E. Yaacoub and M.-S. Alouini , “ A key 6G challenge and opportunity–connecting the base of the pyramid: A survey on rural connectivity ,” Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 108 , no. 4 , pp. 533 – 582 , 2020 .
- Y. Xiao , G. Shi , Y. Li , W. Saad , and H. V. Poor , “ Toward self-learning edge intelligence in 6G ,” IEEE Communications Magazine , vol. 58 , no. 12 , pp. 34 – 40 , 2020 .
- E. Peltonen , M. Bennis , M. Capobianco , M. Debbah , A. Ding , F. Gil-Casti neira , M. Jurmu , T. Karvonen , M. Kelanti , A. Kliks et al ., “ 6G White Paper on Edge Intelligence ,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.14850 , 2020 .
- H. Li , K. Ota , and M. Dong , “ Energy cooperation in battery-free wireless communications with radio frequency energy harvesting ,” ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) , vol. 17 , no. 2 , pp. 1 – 17 , 2018 .
- F. Tariq , M. R. Khandaker , K.-K. Wong , M. A. Imran , M. Bennis , and M. Debbah , “ A speculative study on 6G ,” IEEE Wireless Communications , vol. 27 , no. 4 , pp. 118 – 125 , 2020 .
- S. Hu , F. Rusek , and O. Edfors , “ Beyond massive MIMO: The potential of data transmission with large intelligent surfaces ,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing , vol. 66 , no. 10 , pp. 2746 – 2758 , 2018 .
- Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport , “Propagation measurement system and approach at 140 GHz-moving to 6G and above 100 GHz,” in 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) IEEE, 2018 , pp. 1 – 6 .
- A. Taha , M. Alrabeiah , and A. Alkhateeb , “ Enabling large intelligent surfaces with compressive sensing and deep learning ,” IEEE Access , vol. 9 , pp. 44 304 – 44 321 , 2021 .
- E. C. Strinati , S. Barbarossa , J. L. Gonzalez-Jimenez , D. Ktenas , N. Cassiau , L. Maret , and C. Dehos , “ 6G: The next frontier: From holographic messaging to artificial intelligence using subterahertz and visible light communication ,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine , vol. 14 , no. 3 , pp. 42 – 50 , 2019 .
- T. Kumar , A. Braeken , A. D. Jurcut , M. Liyanage , and M. Ylianttila , “ AGE: Authentication in gadget-free healthcare environments ,” Information Technology and Management , vol. 21 , pp. 95 – 114 , 2019 .
- S. Kekade , C.-H. Hseieh , M. M. Islam , S. Atique , A. M. Khalfan , Y.-C. Li , and S. S. Abdul , “ The usefulness and actual use of wearable devices among the elderly population ,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine , vol. 153 , pp. 137 – 159 , 2018 .
- S. Malwade , S. S. Abdul , M. Uddin , A. A. Nursetyo , L. Fernandez-Luque , X. K. Zhu , L. Cilliers , C.-P. Wong , P. Bamidis , and Y.-C. J. Li , “ Mobile and wearable technologies in healthcare for the ageing population ,” Computer methods and Programs in Biomedicine , vol. 161 , pp. 233 – 237 , 2018 .
-
S. Nayak
and
R. Patgiri
, “
6G communication technology: A vision on intelligent healthcare
,” in
Health Informatics: A Computational Perspective in Healthcare
.
Springer
,
2021
, pp.
1
–
18
.
10.1007/978-981-15-9735-0_1 Google Scholar