Chapter 47
Hypertension and Diabetes
Peter M. Nilsson,
Peter M. Nilsson
Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorPeter M. Nilsson,
Peter M. Nilsson
Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Richard I.G. Holt MA, MB BChir, PhD, FRCP, FHEA,
Allan Flyvbjerg MD, DMSc,
Richard I.G. Holt MA, MB BChir, PhD, FRCP, FHEA
Professor in Diabetes & Endocrinology Faculty of Medicine Honorary Consultant Physician
Human Development and Health
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAllan Flyvbjerg MD, DMSc
Former CEO at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC) Professor of Clinical Endocrinology
The Capital Region of Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 12 January 2024
Summary
Hypertension often accompanies both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Hypertension is important because, like diabetes, it is a major cardiovascular risk factor and one that synergizes with the deleterious effects of diabetes. It is also a risk factor for microvascular complications, namely nephropathy and retinopathy. Hypertension is important because, like diabetes, it is a major cardiovascular risk factor and one that synergizes with the deleterious effects of diabetes. It is also a risk factor for microvascular complications, namely nephropathy and retinopathy. Hypertension also predisposes to the development of certain microvascular complications, particularly nephropathy and end stage renal disease, for which the risk is increased two- to threefold. Blood pressure should be measured with the individual in the supine or sitting position, with an accurate sphygmomanometer and a cuff of appropriate size. The treatment of hypertension in people with diabetes must be based on structured lifestyle intervention.
References
- Kylin , E. ( 1923 ). Z. Inn. Med. 7 : 105 – 112 .
- Reaven , G.M. ( 1988 ). Diabetes 37 : 1595 – 1607 .
- Meigs , J.B. , D'Agostino , R.B. Sr. , Wilson , P. et al. ( 1997 ). Diabetes 46 : 1594 – 1600 .
- Williams , B. , Mancia , G. , Spiering , W. et al. ( 2018 ). J. Hypertens. 36 ( 10 ): 1953 – 2041 .
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group ( 1998 ). BMJ 317 : 703 – 713 .
- Estacio , R.O. , Jeffers , B.W. , Hiatt , W.R. et al. ( 1998 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 338 : 645 – 652 .
- Tuomilehto , J. , Rastenyte , D. , Birkenhäger , W.H. et al. ( 1999 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 340 : 677 – 684 .
- Lindholm , L.H. , Hansson , L. , Ekbom , T. et al. ( 2000 ). J. Hypertens. 18 : 1671 – 1675 .
- Wiseman , M.J. , Viberti , G.C. , Mackintosh , D. et al. ( 1984 ). Diabetologia 26 : 401 – 405 .
- Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group ( 1993 ). J. Hypertens. 11 : 319 – 325 .
- Haffner , S. , Mitchell , B. , Stern , M. et al. ( 1990 ). Hypertension 16 : 225 – 232 .
- Salomaa , V.V. , Strandberg , T.E. , Vanhanen , H. et al. ( 1991 ). Br. Med. J. 302 : 493 – 496 .
- Cooper , R. , Cutler , J. , Desvigne-Nickens , P. et al. ( 2000 ). Circulation 102 : 3137 – 3147 .
- DeFronzo , R. and Ferrannini , E. ( 1991 ). Diab. Care 14 : 173 – 194 .
- Pyörälä , M. , Miettinen , H. , Halonen , P. et al. ( 2000 ). Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 : 538 – 544 .
- Barker , D.J.P. ( 1990 ). BMJ 301 : 1111 .
- Warrington , N.M. , Beaumont , R.N. , Horikoshi , M. et al. ( 2019 ). Nat. Genet. 51 ( 5 ): 804 – 814 .
- Pinkney , J.H. , Mohamed-Ali , V. , Denver , A.E. et al. ( 1994 ). Hypertension 24 : 362 – 367 .
- Rongen , G.A. and Tack , C.J. ( 2001 ). Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 31 : 560 – 562 .
- DeFronzo , R.A. , Goldberg , M. , and Agus , Z.S. ( 1976 ). J. Clin. Invest. 58 : 83 – 90 .
- Natali , A. , Quiñones Galvan , A. , Santora , D. et al. ( 1993 ). Clin. Sci. 85 : 327 – 335 .
- Hall , J.E. , Summers , R.L. , Brands , M.W. et al. ( 1994 ). Am. J. Hypertens. 7 : 772 – 788 .
- Morris , A.D. , Petrie , J.R. , and Connell , J.M.C. ( 1994 ). J. Hypertens. 12 : 633 – 642 .
- Anderson , E.A. , Balon , T.W. , Hoffman , R.P. et al. ( 1992 ). Hypertension 19 : 621 – 627 .
- Capron , L. , Jarnet , J. , Kazandjian , S. et al. ( 1986 ). Diabetes 35 : 973 – 978 .
- Mathiesen , E.R. , Rønn , B. , Jensen , T. et al. ( 1990 ). Diabetes 39 : 245 – 249 .
- Walker , J.D. , Tariq , T. , and Viberti , G.C. ( 1990 ). Br. Med. J. 301 : 635 – 638 .
- Drury , P.L. , Bodansky , H.J. , Oddie , C.J. et al. ( 1984 ). Clin. Endocrinol. 20 : 607 – 618 .
- Zatz , R. and Brenner , B.M. ( 1986 ). Am. J. Med. 80 : 443 – 453 .
- Groop , L. , Ekstrand , A. , Forsblom , C. et al. ( 1993 ). Diabetologia 36 : 642 – 647 .
- Liu , J.E. , Palmieri , V. , Roman , N.J. et al. ( 2001 ). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37 : 1943 – 1949 .
- Kuperstein , R. , Hanly , P. , Niroamand , M. et al. ( 2001 ). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37 : 1957 – 1962 .
- Stehouwer , C.D. , Henry , R.M. , and Ferreira , I. ( 2008 ). Diabetologia 51 : 527 – 539 .
- Nilsson , P.M. , Boutouyrie , P. , and Laurent , S. ( 2009 ). Hypertension 54 : 3 – 10 .
- Van Bortel , L.M. , Laurent , S. , Boutouyrie , P. et al. ( 2012 ). J. Hypertens. 30 : 445 – 448 .
- Ben-Shlomo , Y. , Spears , M. , Boustred , C. et al. ( 2014 ). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63 : 636 – 646 .
- Gottsäter , M. , Östling , G. , Persson , M. et al. ( 2015 ). J. Hypertens. 33 : 957 – 965 .
- Nilsson , P.M. , Boutouyrie , P. , Cunha , P. et al. ( 2013 ). J. Hypertens. 31 : 1517 – 1526 .
- Muhammad , I.F. , Borné , Y. , Östling , G. et al. ( 2017 ). Diab. Care 40 ( 12 ): 1739 – 1745 .
- Wijkman , M. , Länne , T. , Engvall , J. et al. ( 2009 ). Diabetologia 52 : 1258 – 1264 .
- Chalmers , J. , MacMahon , S. , Mancia , G. et al. ( 1999 ). Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 21 ( 5–6 ): 1009 – 1060 .
- Stamler , J. , Vaccaro , O. , Neaton , J.D. et al. ( 1993 ). Diab. Care 16 : 434 – 444 .
- Cosentino , F. , Grant , P.J. , Aboyans , V. et al. ( 2020 ). Eur. Heart J. 41 ( 2 ): 255 – 323 .
- American Diabetes Association ( 2020 ). Diab. Care 43 ( Suppl 1 ): S111 – S134 .
- Unger , T. , Borghi , C. , Charchar , F. et al. ( 2020 ). Hypertension 75 ( 6 ): 1334 – 1357 .
- Vessby , B. , Tengblad , S. , and Lithell , H. ( 1994 ). Diabetologia 37 : 1044 – 1050 .
- Look AHEAD Research Group , Wing , R.R. , Bolin , P. et al. ( 2013 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 369 : 145 – 154 .
- Stewart , M.J. , Jyothinagaram , S. , McGinley , I.M. et al. ( 1994 ). J. Hum. Hypertens. 8 : 19 – 22 .
- Facchini , F. , Hollenbeck , C. , Jeppesen , J. et al. ( 1992 ). Lancet 339 : 1128 – 1130 .
- Chase , P.H. , Garg , S.K. , Marshall , G. et al. ( 1991 ). JAMA 265 : 614 – 617 .
- Treatment of Mild Hypertension Research Group ( 1991 ). Arch. Intern. Med. 151 : 1413 – 1423 .
- Weidman , P. , Beretta-Piccoli , C. , Keusch , G. et al. ( 1979 ). Am. J. Med. 67 : 779 – 784 .
- Pollare , T. , Lithell , H. , and Berne , C. ( 1989 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 321 : 868 – 873 .
- Berglund , G. , Andersson , O. , and Widgren , B. ( 1986 ). Acta Med. Scand. 220 : 419 – 424 .
- MacMahon , S.W. and Macdonald , G.J. ( 1987 ). Am. J. Med. 80 ( Suppl 2A ): 40 – 47 .
- Curb , J.D. , Pressel , S.L. , Cutler , J.A. et al. ( 1996 ). JAMA 276 : 1886 – 1892 .
- Alderman , M.H. , Cohen , H. , and Madhavan , S. ( 1999 ). Hypertension 33 : 1130 – 1134 .
- Pollare , T. , Lithell , H. , Selinus , I. et al. ( 1989 ). Br. Med. J. 198 : 1152 – 1157 .
- Gress , T.W. , Nieto , F.J. , Shahar , E. et al. ( 2000 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 342 : 905 – 912 .
- Sawicki , P.T. and Siebenhofer , A. ( 2001 ). J. Intern. Med. 250 : 11 – 17 .
- Lager , I. , Blohme , G. , and Smith , U. ( 1979 ). Lancet i : 458 – 462 .
- Hjalmarson , A. , Goldstein , S. , Fagerberg , B. et al. ( 2000 ). JAMA 283 : 1295 – 1302 .
- Krum , H. , Ninio , D. , and MacDonald , P. ( 2000 ). Heart 84 : 615 – 619 .
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group ( 1998 ). BMJ 317 : 713 – 720 .
- Kjekshus , J. , Gilpin , E. , Cali , G. et al. ( 1990 ). Eur. Heart J. 11 : 43 – 50 .
- Chellingsworth , M.C. , Kendall , M.J. et al. ( 1989 ). J. Hum. Hypertens. 3 : 35 – 39 .
- Bakris , G.L. , Weir , M.R. , DeQuattro , V. et al. ( 1998 ). Kidney Int. 54 : 1283 – 1289 .
- Pahor , M. , Psaty , B.M. , Alderman , M.H. et al. ( 2000 ). Lancet 356 : 1949 – 1954 .
- Neal , B. , MacMahon , S. , Chapman , N. , and Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration ( 2000 ). Lancet 356 : 1955 – 1964 .
- Lithell , H.O. ( 1991 ). Diab. Care 14 : 203 – 209 .
- Herings , R.M. , de Boer , A. , Stricker , B.H. et al. ( 1995 ). Lancet 345 : 1195 – 1198 .
- Lewis , E.J. , Hunsickler , L.G. , Bain , R.P. et al. ( 1993 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 329 : 1456 – 1462 .
- Bank , N. , Klose , R. , Aynedjan , H.S. et al. ( 1987 ). Kidney Int. 31 : 898 – 905 .
- Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators ( 2000 ). Lancet 355 : 253 – 259 .
- Goodfriend , T.L. , Elliott , M.E. , and Catt , K.J. ( 1996 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 334 : 1649 – 1654 .
- Ruilope , L. ( 2000 ). Heart 84 : 32 – 34 .
- Brenner , B. , Cooper , M.E. , de Zeeuw , D. et al. ( 2001 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 345 : 861 – 869 .
- Lewis , E.J. , Hunsicker , L.G. , Clarke , W.R. et al. ( 2001 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 345 : 851 – 859 .
- Parving , H.H. , Lehnert , H. , Bröckner-Mortensen , J. et al. ( 2001 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 345 : 870 – 878 .
- Lindholm , L.H. , Ibsen , H. , Dahlöf , B. et al. ( 2002 ). Lancet 359 : 1004 – 1008 .
- Mogensen , C.E. , Neldam , S. , Tikkanen , I. et al. ( 2000 ). BMJ 321 : 1440 – 1444 .
- ONTARGET Investigators ( 2008 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 358 : 1547 – 1559 .
- Mann , J.F. , Schmieder , R.E. , McQueen , M. et al. ( 2008 ). Lancet 372 : 547 – 553 .
- Parving , H.H. , Brenner , B.M. , McMurray , J.J. et al. ( 2012 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 367 : 2204 – 2213 .
- ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group ( 2000 ). JAMA 283 : 1967 – 1975 .
- Patel , A. and ADVANCE Collaborative Group ( 2007 ). Lancet 370 : 829 – 840 .
- Jamerson , K. , Weber , M.A. , Bakris , G.L. et al. ( 2008 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 359 : 2417 – 2428 .
- Rossen , N.B. , Knudsen , S.T. , Fleischer , J. et al. ( 2014 ). Hypertension 64 ( 5 ): 1080 – 1087 .
- Flack , J.M. and Hamaty , M. ( 1999 ). J. Hypertens. 17 ( Suppl ): S19 – S24 .
- Parving , H.H. , Andersen , A.R. , Smidt , U.M. et al. ( 1987 ). Br. Med. J. 294 : 1443 – 1447 .
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group ( 1998 ). BMJ 317 : 720 – 726 .
- Holman , R.R. , Paul , S.K. , Bethel , M.A. et al. ( 2008 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 359 : 1565 – 1576 .
- Buse , J.B. , Wexler , D.J. , Tsapas , A. et al. ( 2020 ). Diab. Care 43 ( 2 ): 487 – 493 .
- Laurent , S. , Schlaich , M. , and Esler , M. ( 2012 ). Lancet 380 : 591 – 600 .
- Katout , M. , Zhu , H. , Rutsky , J. et al. ( 2014 ). Am. J. Hypertens. 27 : 130 – 139 .
- Thomas , M.C. and Cherney , D.Z.I. ( 2018 ). Diabetologia 61 ( 10 ): 2098 – 2107 .
- Mancia , G. , Cannon , C.P. , Tikkanen , I. et al. ( 2016 ). Hypertension 68 ( 6 ): 1355 – 1364 .
- Padmanabhan , S. ( 2021 ). Dominiczak AF. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 18 ( 4 ): 235 – 250 .
- ACCORD Study Group , Cushman , W.C. , Evans , G.W. et al. ( 2010 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 362 : 1575 – 1585 .
- Brunström , M. , Eliasson , M. , Nilsson , P.M. et al. ( 2017 ). J. Hypertens. 35 ( 3 ): 453 – 462 .
- Emdin , C.A. , Rahimi , K. , Neal , B. et al. ( 2015 ). JAMA 313 : 603 – 615 .
-
A.E. Berbari
and
G. Mancia
(eds.) (
2023
).
Blood Pressure Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection
. Springer.
Cham
:
European Society of Hypertension and Springer Nature Switzerland
. 10.1007/978-3-031-13009-0.
10.1007/978-3-031-13009-0 Google Scholar
- Gæde , P. , Lund-Andersen , H. , Parving , H.-H. et al. ( 2008 ). N. Engl. J. Med. 358 : 580 – 591 .
- Gæde , J. , Oellgaard , J. , Ibsen , R. et al. ( 2019 ). Diabetologia 62 ( 1 ): 147 – 155 .
