Literary texts written in English are the most likely to be translated worldwide, yet literary markets in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom remain largely inhospitable to works translated from other language traditions. Translation operates at a variety of levels in multiethnic and multilingual literary texts. Following Israeli critic Meir Sternberg, Lawrence Rosenwald identifies various strategies of translation employed by multilingual authors when representing multi- or heterolingual encounters in primarily one national language. Multiethnic US literary texts cast light on cultural and linguistic negotiations that have both assuaged national traumas and, arguably, effaced a multilingual and transnational literary history. The very notion of “multiethnic” US literature entails a sort of translation, the transcoding of “multiethnic” as involving a confluence of ethnicities that are typically “not-white” or pertain to languages, cultures, and ethnicities outside of dominant anglophone society.