Chapter 7
Codebook-Based Beamforming Protocols for 5G Millimeter Wave Communications
Anggrit Dewangkara Yudha Pinangkis,
Kishor Chandra,
R. Venkatesha Prasad,
Anggrit Dewangkara Yudha Pinangkis
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorKishor Chandra
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorR. Venkatesha Prasad
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAnggrit Dewangkara Yudha Pinangkis,
Kishor Chandra,
R. Venkatesha Prasad,
Anggrit Dewangkara Yudha Pinangkis
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorKishor Chandra
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorR. Venkatesha Prasad
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This chapter focuses on the beamforming mechanism and protocols that enables fast link setup in 5G Millimeter (mm) Wave directional links. In general, there are two kinds of beamforming: adaptive beamforming and switched beamforming. There are three kinds of beamforming architectures, namely, analog beamforming, digital beamforming, and the hybrid beamforming. Beamsearching in the switched beamforming only depends on the measured signal quality of each predefined beams. Transmitter and receiver devices exchange their training packet to measure the channel quality for each beam candidate. Switched beamforming requires predefined codebook so that the beam candidates can be generated directly from the codebook. Codebook is defined specifically in IEEE 802.15.3c, but there is no specific codebook defined in IEEE 802.11ad. N-phase beamforming is similar to IEEE 802.15.3c. However, this beamforming is designed to accommodate the availability of higher phase shift resolution. Digital Fourier Transmorm (DFT)-based beamforming gives more flexible beams where each beam can reach the same maximum gain.
References
- Cisco, “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2015–2020,” Cisco Public Information, Feb. 2016.
- NGMN Alliance, “ 5G White Paper,” 2015. Available at https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN 5G White Paper V10.pdf
- 5G PPP, “ 5G PPP use cases and performance evaluation models,” Version: 1.0, 2016. Available at https://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/5G-PPP-use-cases-and-performance-evaluation-modeling_v1.0.pdf
- mmMAGIC, “Use case characterization, KPIs and preferred suitable frequency ranges for future 5G systems between 6 Ghz and 100 Ghz,” ICT-671650-mmMAGIC/D1.1, Deliverable D1.1, 2015. Available at https://bscw.5g-mmmagic.eu/pub/bscw.cgi/d54427/mmMAGIC_D1.1.pdf
- K. Chandra, Z. Cao, T. M. Bruintjes, R. V. Prasad, G. Karagiannis, E. Tangdiongga, H. P. A. van den Boom, and A. B. J. Kokkeler, “ mCRAN: A radio access network architecture for 5G indoor communications,” in IEEE ICC 2015 – Workshop on Fiber-Wireless Integrated Technologies, Systems and Networks (ICC'15 – Workshops 09), 2015.
- F. Boccardi, R. W. Heath, Jr., A. Lozano, T. L. Marzetta, and P. Popovski, “Five disruptive technology directions for 5G,” IEEE. Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 74–80, 2014.
- K. Chandra, R. V. Prasad, and I. Niemegeers, “An architectural framework for 5G indoor communications,” in IEEE 2015 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC). 2015, pp. 1144–1149.
- A. Ghosh, T. A. Thomas, M. C. Cudak, R. Ratasuk, P. Moorut, F. W. Vook, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney, S. Sun, and S. Nie, “Millimeter-wave enhanced local area systems: a high-data-rate approach for future wireless networks,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1152–1163, 2014.
- IEEE Standard for Information Technology, Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Specific Requirements. Part 15.3: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Amendment 2: Millimeter-Wave-Based Alternative Physical Layer Extension, Report, pp. 1–187, Apr. 2009.
- Standard ECMA-387, High Rate 60 GHz PHY, MAC and HDMI PALs, Dec. 2010.
- IEEE Standards Association, Draft Standard – Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications – Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput in the 60 GHz Band, IEEE P802.11adTM/D9.0, July 2012.
- T. Rappaport, S. Sun, R. Mayzus, H. Zhao, Y. Azar, K. Wang, G. Wong, J. Schulz, M. Samimi, and F. Gutierrez, “Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: it will work!” IEEE Access, vol. 1, pp. 335–349, 2013.
- C. Dehos, J. Gonzalez, A. De Domenico, D. Ktenas, and L. Dussopt, “Millimeter-wave access and backhauling: the solution to the exponential data traffic increase in 5G mobile communications systems?” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 88–95, 2014.
- M. Tercero, P. von Wrycza, A. Amah, J. Widmer, M. Fresia, V. Frascolla, J. Lorca, T. Svensson, M.-H. Hamon, S. Destouet Roblot et al., “5G systems: the mmMAGIC project perspective on use cases and challenges between 6–100 Ghz,” in 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2016.
- Flex5Gware, Flexible and efficient hardware/software platforms for 5G network elements and devices, 2015. Available at http://www.flex5gware.eu/
- A. Osseiran, F. Boccardi, V. Braun, K. Kusume, P. Marsch, M. Maternia, O. Queseth, M. Schellmann, H. Schotten, H. Taoka, H. Tullberg, M. A. Uusitalo, B. Timus, and M. Fallgren, “Scenarios for 5G mobile and wireless communications: the vision of the METIS project,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 26–35, 2014.
- W. Roh, J.-Y. Seol, J. Park, B. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Kim, J. Cho, K. Cheun, and F. Aryanfar, “Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications: theoretical feasibility and prototype results,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 106–113, 2014.
- K. Chandra, R. V. Prasad, B. Quang, and I. G. M. M. Niemegeers, “Cogcell:cognitive interplay between 60 Ghz picocells and 2.4/5 Ghz hotspots in the 5G era,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Special issue on Emerging Applications, Services and Engineering for Cognitive Cellular Systems (EASE4CCS), 2015.
- M. Jacob, S. Priebe, R. Dickhoff, T. Kleine-Ostmann, T. Schrader, and T. Kurner, “Diffraction in mm and sub-mm wave indoor propagation channels,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 833–844, 2012.
- K. Ramachandran, N. Prasad, K. Hosoya, K. Maruhashi, and S. Rangarajan, “ Adaptive beamforming for 60 GHz radios: challenges and preliminary solutions,” in Proceedings of the 2010 ACM International Workshop on mmWave Communications: From Circuits to Networks. ACM, 2010, pp. 33–38.
- C. Kim, T. Kim, and J.-Y. Seol, “ Multi-beam transmission diversity with hybrid beamforming for MIMO-OFDM systems,” in Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2013 IEEE. 2013, pp. 61–65.
- F. Sohrabi and W. Yu, “Hybrid digital and analog beamforming design for large-scale MIMO systems,” in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2015, pp. 2929–2933.
- T. L. Marzetta, “Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, 2010.
- O. El Ayach, R. W. Heath, S. Abu-Surra, S. Rajagopal, and Z. Pi, “ Low complexity precoding for large millimeter wave MIMO systems,” in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2012, pp. 3724–3729.
- O. El Ayach, S. Rajagopal, S. Abu-Surra, Z. Pi, and R. W. Heath, “Spatially sparse precoding in millimeter wave MIMO systems,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1499–1513, 2014.
- D. De Donno, J. Palacios, D. Giustiniano, and J. Widmer, “Hybrid analog-digital beam training for mmWave systems with low-resolution RF phase shifters,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), 2016.
- J. Palacios, D. De Donno, and J. Widmer, “Lightweight and effective sector beam pattern synthesis with uniform linear antenna arrays,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 605–608, 2016.
- IEEE Standards Association, IEEE Std 802.15.3c - 2009, Part 15.3: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE Std, 2009.
- K. Chandra, A. Doff, Z. Cao, R. V. Prasad, and I. Niemegeers, “60 Ghz MAC standardization: progress and way forward,” in 2015 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2015, pp. 182–187.
- I. C. Society, 802.11ad-2012 – IEEE Standard for Information Technology –Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 3: Enhancements for Very High Throughput in the 60 GHz Band. IEEE, 2012.
- A. Alkhateeb, O. El Ayach, G. Leus, and R. W. Heath, “Channel estimation and hybrid precoding for millimeter wave cellular systems,” IEEE J. Select. Top. Signal Process., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 831–846, 2014.
- L. Chen, Y. Yang, X. Chen, and W. Wang, “Multi-stage beamforming codebook for 60GHz WPAN,” in 2011 6th International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China (CHINACOM), 2011, pp. 361–365.
- T. He and Z. Xiao, “Suboptimal beam search algorithm and codebook design for millimeter-wave communications,” Mob. Netw. Appl., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 86–97, 2015.
- S. Hur, T. Kim, D. J. Love, J. V. Krogmeier, T. A. Thomas, and A. Ghosh, “Millimeter wave beamforming for wireless backhaul and access in small cell networks,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 4391–4403, 2013.
- Z. Xiao, T. He, P. Xia, and X.-G. Xia, “Hierarchical codebook design for beamforming training in millimeter-wave communication,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 3380–3392, 2016.
- J. Wang, Z. Lan, C.-S. Sum, C.-W. Pyo, J. Gao, T. Baykas, A. Rahman, R. Funada, F. Kojima, I. Lakkis et al., “ Beamforming codebook design and performance evaluation for 60GHz wideband WPANs,” in 2009 IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2009-Fall), 2009, pp. 1–6.
- W. Zou, Z. Cui, B. Li, Z. Zhou, and Y. Hu, “N-phases based beamforming codebook design scheme for 60 Ghz wireless communication,” J. Beijing Univ. Posts Telecommun., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1–5, 2012.
- S. J. Orfanidis, Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, 2002.
- R. J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, vol. 2. Boston: Artech House, 2005.
- T. C. Cheston and J. Frank, Phased Array Radar Antennas. Radar Handbook, McGraw Hill, 1990, pp. 7–1.
- D. J. Joaquin, A new low-cost microstrip antenna array for 60 GHz applications, Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State University, 2016.
- K. Chandra, R. V. Prasad, I. G. M. M. Niemegeers, and A. R. Biswas, “Adaptive beamwidth selection for contention based access periods in millimeter wave WLANS,” in 2014 IEEE 11th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC) 2014, pp. 458–464.
- M. Giordani, M. Mezzavilla, C. N. Barati, S. Rangan, and M. Zorzi, “Comparative analysis of initial access techniques in 5G mmwave cellular networks,” in IEEE 2016 Annual Conference on Information Science and Systems (CISS), 2016, pp. 268–273.
