9 Ca2+ and pH as Integrating Signals in Transport Control
Tatiana N. Bibikova
Penn. State University, Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802–5301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorSarah M. Assmann
Penn. State University, Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802–5301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorSimon Gilroy
Penn. State University, Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802–5301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorTatiana N. Bibikova
Penn. State University, Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802–5301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorSarah M. Assmann
Penn. State University, Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802–5301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorSimon Gilroy
Penn. State University, Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802–5301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The sections in this article are
- Introduction
- Transport and the Control of Development
- Plant and Algal Transporters and Tip-Growth Control
- Tip Growth Shows Oscillations in Fluxes and Growth
- How are Local Ca2+ Gradients Formed?
- G-Proteins Regulating Ion Fluxes at the Apex
- Regulation of H+ Fluxes
- Transport and the Reversible Control of Cell Volume
- The Mechanistic Basis of Reversible Cell Volume Change
- Calcium and Volume Change in Motor Cells
- Ca2+ , Secretion and the Cytoskeleton
- How are Ca2+ Oscillations Generated?
- G-Proteins Regulating Signaling in Guard Cells
- Regulation of H+ Fluxes
- Roles of Extracellular Ca2+ and pH in Wall Structure/Activity of Guard Cells and Pulvinar Cells
- Conclusions and Perspectives
- Acknowledgements
References
- Agrawal, G.K., Iwahashi, H. & Rakwal, R. (2003) Small GTPase ‘Rop’: molecular switch for plant defense responses, FEBS Lett., 546, 173–180.
- Allen, G.J., Chu, S.P., Harrington, C.L., et al. (2001) A defined range of guard cell calcium oscillation parameters encodes stomatal movements, Nature, 411, 1053–1057.
- Allen, G.J., Chu, S.P., Schumacher, K., et al. (2000) Alteration of stimulus-specific guard cell calcium oscillations and stomatal closing in Arabidopsis det3 mutant, Science, 289, 2338–2342.
- Allen, G.J., Kuchitsu, K., Chu, S.P., Murata, Y. & Schroeder, J.I. (1999) Arabidopsis abi1-1 and abi2-1 phosphatase mutations reduce abscisic acid-induced cytoplasmic calcium rises in guard cells, Plant Cell, 11, 1785–1798.
- Arango, M., Gevaudant, F., Oufattole, M. & Boutry, M. (2003) The plasma membrane proton pump ATPase: the significance of gene subfamilies, Planta, 216, 355–365.
-
Assmann, S. & Armstrong, F. (1999) Hormonal regulation of ion transporters: the guard cell system in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones (eds P.J.J. Hooykass, M.A. Hall & K.R. Libbonga), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
10.1016/S0167-7306(08)60495-0 Google Scholar
- Assmann, S. & Grantz, D. (1990) Stomatal response to humidity in sugarcane and soybean: effect of vapour pressure difference on the kinetics of the blue light response, Plant Cell Environ., 13, 163–169.
- Assmann, S., Simoncini, L. & Schroeder. J. (1985) Blue light activates electrogenic ion pumping in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba , Nature, 318, 285–287.
- Assmann, S. & Wang, X. (2001) From milliseconds to millions of years: guard cells and environmental responses, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 4, 421–428.
- Battey, N.H., James, N.C., Greenland, A.J. & Brownlee, C. (1999) Exocytosis and endocytosis, Plant Cell, 11, 643–660.
-
Bibikova, T. & Gilroy, S. (2000) Calcium in root hair growth and development, in The Cellular and Molecular Biology of Root Hairs (eds R. Ridge & A.M. Emons), Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 141–163.
10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_9 Google Scholar
- Bibikova, T. & Gilroy, S. (2002) Root hair development, J. Plant Growth Regul., 21, 383–415.
- Bibikova, T.N., Jacob, T., Dahse, I. & Gilroy, S. (1998) Localized changes in apoplastic and cytoplasmic pH are associated with root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana , Development, 125, 2925–2934.
- Bick, I., Thiel, G. & Homann, U. (2001) Cytochalasin D attenuates the desensitisation of pressure-stimulated vesicle fusion in guard cell protoplasts, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 80, 521–526.
- Blatt, M.R. (1988) Potassium-dependent bipolar gating of potassium channels in guard cells, J. Membr. Biol., 102, 235–246.
- Blatt, M.R. (1992) K+ channels of stomatal guard cells. Characteristics of the inward rectifier and its control by pH, J. Gen. Physiol., 99, 615–644.
- Blatt, M.R. (2000a). Ca2+ signalling and control of guard-cell volume in stomatal movements, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 3, 196–204.
- Blatt, M.R. (2000b). Cellular signalling and volume control in stomatal movements in plants, Ann. Rev. Cell Develop. Biol., 16, 221–241.
- Blatt, M. & Armstrong, F. (1993) K+ channels of stomatal guard cells: abscisic-acid-evoked control of the outward rectifier mediated by cytoplasmic pH, Planta, 191, 330–341.
- Blatt, M. & Thiel, G. (1994) K+ channels of stomatal guard cells: bimodal control of the K+ inward-rectifier evoked by auxin, Plant J., 5, 55–68.
- Blatt, M., Thiel, G. & Trentham, D. (1990) Reversible inactivation of K+ channels of Vicia stomatal guard cells following the photolysis of caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Nature, 346, 766–769.
- Braun, M. & Richter, P. (1999) Relocalization of the calcium gradient and a dihydropyridine receptor is involved in upward bending by bulging of Chara protonemata, but not in downward bending by bowing of Chara rhizoids, Planta, 209, 414–423.
- Brosnan, J.M. & Sanders, D. (1993) Identification and characterization of high-affinity binding sites for inositol trisphosphate in red beet, Plant Cell, 5, 931–940.
-
Brownlee, C., Manison, N. & Anning, R. (1998) Calcium, polarity and osmoregulation in Fucus embryos: one messenger, multiple messages, Exp. Biol. Online, 3, 11.
10.1007/s00898-998-0011-5 Google Scholar
- Camacho, L. & Malho, R. (2003) Endo/exocytosis in the pollen tube apex is differentially regulated by Ca2+ and GTPases, J. Exp. Bot., 54, 83–92.
- Chen, C.Y., Cheung, A.Y. & Wu, H.M. (2003) Actin-depolymerizing factor mediates Rac/Rop GTPase-regulated pollen tube growth, Plant Cell, 15, 237–249.
- Coelho, S.M., Taylor, A.R., Ryan, K.P., Sousa-Pinto, I., Brown, M.T. & Brownlee, C. (2002) Spatiotemporal patterning of reactive oxygen production and Ca2+ wave propagation in Fucus rhizoid cells, Plant Cell, 14, 2369–2381.
- Cosgrove, D.J. & Hedrich, R. (1991) Stretch-activated chloride, potassium, and calcium channels coexisting in plasma membranes of guard cells of Vicia faba L., Planta, 186, 143–153.
- Coursol, S., Fan, L.M., Le Stunff, H., Spiegel, S., Gilroy, S. & Assmann, S.M. (2003) Sphingolipid signalling in Arabidopsis guard cells involves heterotrimeric G proteins, Nature, 423, 651–654.
- Czempinski, R., Frachisse, J., Maurel, C., Barbier-Brygoo, H. & Mueller-Roeber, B. (2002) Vacuolar membrane localization of the Arabidopsis ‘two-pore’ K+ channel KCO1, Plant J., 29, 809–820.
- Desbrosses, G., Josefsson, C., Rigas, S., Hatzopoulos, P. & Dolan, L. (2003) AKT1 and TRH1 are required during root hair elongation in Arabidopsis , J. Exp. Bot., 54, 781–788.
- Desikan, R., Cheung, M.K., Bright, J., Henson, D., Hancock, J.T. & Neill, S.J. (2004) ABA, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide signalling in stomatal guard cells, J. Exp. Bot., 55, 205–212.
- Dietrich, P., Dreyer, I., Wiesner, P. & Hedrich R. (1998) Cation sensitivity and kinetics of guard-cell potassium channels differ among species, Plants, 205, 277–287.
- Ding, J.P. & Pickard, B.G. (1993) Mechanosensory calcium-selective cation channels in epidermal cells, Plant J., 3, 83–110.
- Eun, S.O., Bae, S.H. & Lee, Y. (2001) Cortical actin filaments in guard cells respond differently to abscisic acid in wild-type and abi1-1 mutant Arabidopsis , Planta, 212, 466–469.
- Eun, S.O. & Lee, Y. (1997) Actin filaments of guard cells are reorganized in response to light and abscisic acid, Plant Physiol., 115, 1491–1498.
- Evans, N.H., McAinsh, M.R. & Hetherington, A.M. (2001) Calcium oscillations in higher plants, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 4, 415–420.
- Fairley-Grenot, K.A. & Assmann, S.M. (1992) Permeation of Ca2+ through K+ channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells, J. Membr. Biol., 128, 103–113.
- Fan, L.M., Wang, Y.F., Wang, H. & Wu, W.H. (2001) In vitro Arabidopsis pollen germination and characterization of the inward potassium currents in Arabidopsis pollen grain protoplasts, J. Exp. Bot., 52, 1603–1614.
- Fan, L.M., Wang, Y.F. & Wu, W.H. (2003) Outward K+ channels in Brassica chinensis pollen protoplasts are regulated by external and internal pH, Protoplasma, 220, 143–152.
- Fan, L.M., Wu, W.H. & Yang, H.Y. (1999) Identification and characterization of the inward K+ channel in the plasma membrane of Brassica pollen protoplasts, Plant Cell Physiol., 40, 859–865.
- Feijo, J., Malho, R. & Obermeyer, G. (1995) Ion dynamics and its possible role during in vitro pollen germination and tube growth, Protoplasma, 187, 155–167.
- Feijo, J.A., Sainhas, J., Hackett, G.R., Kunkel, J.G. & Hepler, P.K. (1999) Growing pollen tubes possess a constitutive alkaline band in the clear zone and a growth-dependent acidic tip, J. Cell. Biol., 144, 483–496.
- Foreman, J., Demidchik, V., Bothwell, J.H., et al. (2003) Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth, Nature, 422, 442–446.
- Franklin-Tong, V.E., Drobak, B.K., Allan, A.C., Watkins, P. & Trewavas, A.J. (1996) Growth of pollen tubes of Papaver rhoeas is regulated by a slow-moving calcium wave propagated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Plant Cell, 8, 1305–1321.
- Fricker, M.D., White, N.S. & Obermeyer, G. (1997) pH gradients are not associated with tip growth in pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum , J. Cell. Sci., 110, 1729–1740.
- Fricker, M., White, N., Thiel, G., Millner, P. & Blatt, M. (1994) Peptides derived from the auxin binding protein elevate Ca2+ and pH in stomatal guard cells of Vicia faba: a confocal fluorescence ratio imaging study, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 48, 215–228.
- Friedman, H., Spiegelstein, H., Goldschmidt, E. & Halevy, A. (1990) Flowering response of Pharbitis-nil to agents affecting cytoplasmic pH, Plant Physiol., 94, 114–119.
- Fu, Y., Li, H. & Yang, Z. (2002) The ROP2 GTPase controls the formation of cortical fine F-actin and the early phase of directional cell expansion during Arabidopsis organogenesis, Plant Cell, 14, 777–794.
- Fu, Y., Wu, G. & Yang, Z. (2001) Rop GTPase-dependent dynamics of tip-localized F-actin controls tip growth in pollen tubes, J. Cell. Biol., 152, 1019–1032.
- Garcia-Mata, C., Gay, R., Sokolovski, S., Hills, A., Lamattina, L. & Blatt, M.R. (2003) Nitric oxide regulates K+ and Cl− channels in guard cells through a subset of abscisic acid-evoked signaling pathways, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 11116–11121.
- Garrill, A., Jackson, S.L., Lew, R.R. & Heath, I.B. (1993) Ion channel activity and tip growth: tip-localized stretch-activated channels generate an essential Ca2+ gradient in the oomycete Saprolegnia ferax , Eur. J. Cell. Biol., 60, 358–365.
- Geelen, D., Leyman, B., Batoko, H., Di Sansebastiano, G.P., Moore, I. & Blatt, M.R. (2002) The abscisic acid-related SNARE homolog NtSyr1 contributes to secretion and growth: evidence from competition with its cytosolic domain, Plant Cell, 14, 387–406.
- Geitmann, A. & Cresti, M. (1998) Ca2+ channels control the rapid expansions in pulsating growth of Petunia hybrida pollen tubes, J. Plant Physiol., 152, 439–447.
- Gilroy, S., Fricker, M.D., Read, N.D. & Trewavas, A.J. (1991) Role of calcium in signal transduction of Commelina guard cells, Plant Cell, 3, 333–344.
- Gilroy, S. & Jones, D.L. (2000) Through form to function: root hair development and nutrient uptake, Trends Plant Sci., 5, 56–60.
- Gilroy, S., Read, N.D. & Trewavas, A.J. (1990) Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium by caged calcium or caged inositol triphosphate initiates stomatal closure, Nature, 346, 769–771.
- Girbardt, M. (1969) Die Uitrastruktur der Apikalregion Pilzhyphen, Protoplasma, 67, 413–441.
- Goh, C.H., Kinoshita, T., Oku, T. & Shimazaki, K. (1996) Inhibition of blue light-dependent H+ pumping by abscisic acid in Vicia guard-cell protoplasts, Plant Physiol., 111, 433–440.
- Grabov, A. & Blatt, M.R. (1997) Parallel control of the inward-rectifier K+ channel by cytosolic-free Ca2+ and pH in Vicia guard cells, Planta, 201, 84–95.
- Grabov, A. & Blatt, M.R. (1998) Membrane voltage initiates Ca2+ waves and potentiates Ca2+ increases with abscisic acid in stomatal guard cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 4778–4783.
- Grabov, A., Leung, J., Giraudat, J. & Blatt, M.R. (1997) Alteration of anion channel kinetics in wild-type and abi1-1 transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana guard cells by abscisic acid, Plant J., 12, 203–213.
- Guo, F.Q., Young, J. & Crawford, N.M. (2003) The nitrate transporter AtNRT1.1 (CHL1) functions in stomatal opening and contributes to drought susceptibility in Arabidopsis , Plant Cell, 15, 107–117.
- Hamilton, D.W., Hills, A., Kohler, B. & Blatt, M.R. (2000) Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane of stomatal guard cells are activated by hyperpolarization and abscisic acid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 4967–4972.
- Han, S., Tang, R., Anderson, L.K., Woerner, T.E. & Pei, Z.M. (2003) A cell surface receptor mediates extracellular Ca2+ sensing in guard cells, Nature, 425, 196–200.
- Hedrich, R., Busch, H. & Raschke, K. (1990) Ca2+ and nucleotide dependent regulation of voltage dependent anion channels in the plasma membrane of guard cells, Embo J., 9, 3889–3892.
- Herrmann, A. & Felle, H. (1995) Tip growth in root hair cells of Sinapis alba L.: significance of internal and external Ca2+ and pH, New Phytol., 129, 523–533.
- Hetherington, A.M. (2001) Guard cell signaling, Cell, 107, 711–714.
- Holdaway-Clarke, T.L., Feijo, J.A., Hackett, G.R., Kunkel, J.G. & Hepler, P.K. (1997) Pollen tube growth and the intracellular cytosolic calcium gradient oscillate in phase while extracellular calcium influx is delayed, Plant Cell, 9, 1999–2010.
- Holdaway-Clarke, T. & Hepler, P. (2003) Control of pollen tube growth: role of ion gradients and fluxes, New Phytol., 159, 539–563.
- Holzinger, A., Callaham, D.A., Hepler, P.K. & Meindl, U. (1995) Free calcium in Micrasterias: local gradients are not detected in growing lobes, Eur. J. Cell. Biol., 67, 363–371.
- Homann, U. & Thiel, G. (1999) Unitary exocytotic and endocytotic events in guard-cell protoplasts during osmotically driven volume changes, FEBS Lett., 460, 495–499.
- Hosy, E., Vavasseur, A., Mouline, K., et al. (2003) The Arabidopsis outward K+ channel GORK is involved in regulation of stomatal movements and plant transpiration, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 5549–5554.
- Hunt, L., Mills, L.N., Pical, C., et al. (2003) Phospholipase C is required for the control of stomatal aperture by ABA, Plant J., 34, 47–55.
- Hwang, J.U. & Lee, Y. (2001) Abscisic acid-induced actin reorganization in guard cells of dayflower is mediated by cytosolic calcium levels and by protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities, Plant Physiol., 125, 2120–2128.
- Iglesias, A. & Satter, R. (1983) H+ fluxes in excised Samanea motor tissue, I: promotion by light, Plant Physiol., 72, 564–569.
- Iino, M., Long, C. & Wang, X. (2001) Auxin- and abscisic acid-dependent osmoregulation in protoplasts of Phaseolus vulgaris pulvini, Plant Cell Physiol., 42, 1219–1227.
- Ilan, N., Schwartz, A. & Moran, N. (1994) External pH effects on the depolarization-activated K channels in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba , J. Gen. Physiol., 103, 807–831.
- Ilan, N., Schwartz, A. & Moran, N. (1996) External protons enhance the activity of the hyperpolarization-activated K channels in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba , J. Membr. Biol., 154, 169–181.
- Irving, H.R., Gehring, C.A. & Parish, R.W. (1992) Changes in cytosolic pH and calcium of guard cells precede stomatal movements, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 1790–1794.
- Jacob, T., Ritchie, S., Assmann, S.M. & Gilroy, S. (1999) Abscisic acid signal transduction in guard cells is mediated by phospholipase D activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 12192–12197.
- Jaffe, L.A., Weisenseel, M.H. & Jaffe, L.F. (1975) Calcium accumulations within the growing tips of pollen tubes, J. Cell. Biol., 67, 488–492.
- Jones, D., Shaff, J. & Kochian, L. (1995) Role of calcium and other ions in directing root hair tip growth in Limnobium stoloniferum, I: Inhibition of tip growth by aluminum, Planta, 197, 672–680.
- Jones, L., Milne, J.L., Ashford, D. & McQueen-Mason, S.J. (2003) Cell wall arabinan is essential for guard cell function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 11783–11788.
- Jones, M.A., Shen, J.J., Fu, Y., Li, H., Yang, Z. & Grierson, C.S. (2002) The Arabidopsis Rop2 GTPase is a positive regulator of both root hair initiation and tip growth, Plant Cell, 14, 763–776.
- Jung, J.Y., Kim, Y.W., Kwak, J.M., et al. (2002) Phosphatidylinositol 3- and 4-phosphate are required for normal stomatal movements, Plant Cell, 14, 2399–2412.
- Kim, H., Coté, G. & Crain, R. (1992) Effects of light on the membrane potential of protoplasts from Samanea saman pulvini. Involvement of K+ channels and the H+ ATPase, Plant Physiol., 99, 1532–1539.
- Kim, H., Coté, G. & Crain, R. (1996) Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate may mediate closure of K+ channels by light and darkness in Samanea saman motor cells, Planta, 198, 279–287.
- Kim, M., Hepler, P.K., Eun, S.O., Ha, K.S. & Lee, Y. (1995) Actin filaments in mature guard cells are radially distributed and involved in stomatal movement, Plant Physiol., 109, 1077–1084.
- Kim, S.R., Kim, Y. & An, G. (1993) Molecular cloning and characterization of anther-preferential cDNA encoding a putative actin-depolymerizing factor, Plant Mol. Biol., 21, 39–45.
- Kinoshita, T., Doi, M., Suetsugu, N., Kagawa, T., Wada, M. & Shimazaki, K. (2001) Phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light regulation of stomatal opening, Nature, 414, 656–660.
- Kinoshita, T., Emi, T., Tominaga, M., et al. (2003) Blue-light- and phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 14-3-3 protein to phototropins in stomatal guard cells of broad bean, Plant Physiol., 133, 1453–1463.
- Kinoshita, T., Nishimura, M. & Shimazaki, K. (1995) Cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ regulates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells of Fava bean, Plant Cell, 7, 1333–1342.
- Kinoshita, T. & Shimazaki, K. (1999) Blue light activates the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase by phosphorylation of the C-terminus in stomatal guard cells, Embo J., 18, 5548–5558.
- Kinoshita, T. & Shimazaki, K. (2002) Biochemical evidence for the requirement of 14-3-3 protein binding in activation of the guard-cell plasma membrane H+-ATPase by blue light, Plant Cell Physiol., 43, 1359–1365.
- Klein, M., Perfus-Barbeoch, L., Frelet, A., et al. (2003) The plant multidrug resistance ABC transporter AtMRP5 is involved in guard cell hormonal signalling and water use, Plant J., 33, 119–129.
- Kohler, B., Hills, A. & Blatt, M.R. (2003) Control of guard cell ion channels by hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid indicates their action through alternate signaling pathways, Plant Physiol., 131, 385–388.
- Kotake, T., Nakagawa, N., Takeda, K. & Sakurai, N. (2000) Auxin-induced elongation growth and expressions of cell wall-bound exo- and endo-beta-glucanases in barley coleoptiles, Plant Cell Physiol., 41, 1272–1278.
- Kropf, D.L. (1994) Cytoskeletal control of cell polarity in a plant zygote, Dev. Biol., 165, 361–371.
- Kubitscheck, U., Homann, U. & Thiel, G. (2000) Osmotically evoked shrinking of guard-cell protoplasts causes vesicular retrieval of plasma membrane into the cytoplasm, Planta, 210, 423–431.
- Kwak, J.M., Moon, J.H., Murata, Y., et al. (2002) Disruption of a guard cell-expressed protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit, RCN1, confers abscisic acid insensitivity in Arabidopsis , Plant Cell, 14, 2849–2861.
- Kwak, J.M., Mori, I.C., Pei, Z.M., et al. (2003) NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes function in ROS-dependent ABA signaling in Arabidopsis , Embo J., 22, 2623–2633.
- Leckie, C.P., McAinsh, M.R., Allen, G.J., Sanders, D. & Hetherington, A.M. (1998) Abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure mediated by cyclic ADP-ribose, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 15837–15842.
- Lee, Y., Choi, Y.B., Suh, S., Lee, J., et al. (1996) Abscisic acid-induced phosphoinositide turnover in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba , Plant Physiol., 110, 987–996.
- Lee, Y. & Satter, R. (1989) Effects of white, blue, red light and darkness on pH of the apoplast in the Samanea pulvinus, Planta, 353, 31–40.
- Lemichez, E., Wu, Y., Sanchez, J.P., Mettouchi, A., Mathur, J. & Chua, N.H. (2001) Inactivation of AtRac1 by abscisic acid is essential for stomatal closure, Genes Dev., 15, 1808–1816.
- Lemtiri-Chlieh, F., MacRobbie, E.A. & Brearley, C.A. (2000) Inositol hexakisphosphate is a physiological signal regulating the K+-inward rectifying conductance in guard cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 8687–8692.
- Lemtiri-Chlieh, F., MacRobbie, E.A., Webb, A.A., et al. (2003) Inositol hexakisphosphate mobilizes an endomembrane store of calcium in guard cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 10091–10095.
- Levina, N.N., Lew, R.R. & Heath, I.B. (1994) Cytoskeletal regulation of ion channel distribution in the tip-growing organism Saprolegnia ferax , J. Cell Sci., 107, 127–134.
- Levina, N.N., Lew, R.R., Hyde, G.J. & Heath, I.B. (1995) The roles of Ca2+ and plasma membrane ion channels in hyphal tip growth of Neurospora crassa , J. Cell Sci., 108, 3405–3417.
- Lew, R.R. (1999) Comparative analysis of Ca2+ and H+ flux magnitude and location along growing hyphae of Saprolegnia ferax and Neurospora crassa , Eur J. Cell. Biol., 78, 892–902.
- Leyman, B., Geelen, D., Quintero, F.J. & Blatt, M.R. (1999) A tobacco syntaxin with a role in hormonal control of guard cell ion channels, Science, 283, 537–540.
- Li, Y., Chen, F., Linskens, H. & Cresti, M. (1994) Distribution of unesterified and esterified pectins in cell walls of pollen tubes of flowering plants, Sex. Plant Reprod., 7, 145–152.
- Li, Y., Faleri, C., Geitmann, A., Zhang, H. & Cresti, M. (1995) Immunogold localization of arabino-galactan proteins, unesterified and esterified pectins in pollen grains and pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L., Protoplasma, 189, 26–36.
- Li, H., Shen, J.J., Zheng, Z.L., Lin, Y. & Yang, Z. (2001) The Rop GTPase switch controls multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis , Plant Physiol., 126, 670–684.
- Lohse, G. & Hedrich, R. (1992) Characteristics of the plasma membrane H+ ATPase from Vicia faba guard cells; modulation by extracellular factors and seasonal changes, Planta, 188, 206–214.
- Lowen, C. & Satter, R. (1989) Light-promoted changes in apoplastic K+ activity in the Samanea saman pulvinus, monitored with liquid membrane microelectrodes, Planta, 179, 421–427.
- Ma, L., Xu, X., Cui, S. & Sun, D. (1999) The presence of a heterotrimeric G protein and its role in signal transduction of extracellular calmodulin in pollen germination and tube growth, Plant Cell, 11, 1351–1364.
- MacRobbie, E.A. (1998) Signal transduction and ion channels in guard cells, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, Biol. Sci., 353, 1475–1488.
- Malho, R. (1998) Role of 1,4,5-inositol triphosphate-induced Ca2+ release in pollen tube orientation, Sex. Plant Reprod., 11, 231–235.
- Malho, R., Read, N.D., Trewavas, A.J. & Pais, M.S. (1995) Calcium channel activity during pollen tube growth and reorientation, Plant Cell, 7, 1173–1184.
- Marten, I., Lohse, G. & Hedrich R. (1991) Plant growth hormones control voltage-dependent activity of anion channels in plasma membrane of guard cells, Nature, 353, 758–762.
- McAinsh, M.R., Brownlee, C. & Hetherington, A.M. (1992) Visualizing changes in cytosolic-free Ca2+ during the response of stomatal guard cells to abscisic acid, Plant Cell, 4, 1113–1122.
- McAinsh, M.R., Gray, J.E., Hetherington, A.M., Leckie, C.P. & Ng, C. (2000) Ca2+ signalling in stomatal guard cells, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 28, 476–481.
- McAinsh, M.R., Webb, A., Taylor, J.E. & Hetherington, A.M. (1995) Stimulus-induced oscillations in guard cell cytosolic free calcium, Plant Cell, 7, 1207–1219.
- Messerli, M.A., Creton, R., Jaffe, L.F. & Robinson, K.R. (2000) Periodic increases in elongation rate precede increases in cytosolic Ca2+ during pollen tube growth, Dev. Biol., 222, 84–98.
- Messerli, M.A., Danuser, G. & Robinson, K.R. (1999) Pulsatile influxes of H+, K+ and Ca2+ lag growth pulses of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes, J. Cell. Sci., 112, 1497–1509.
- Messerli, M. & Robinson, K.R. (1997) Tip localized Ca2+ pulses are coincident with peak pulsatile growth rates in pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum , J. Cell. Sci., 110 (Pt 11), 1269–1278.
- Messerli, M. & Robinson, K. (1998) Cytoplasmic acidification and current influx follow growth pulses of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes, Plant J., 16, 87–91.
- Messerli, M.A. & Robinson, K.R. (2003) Ionic and osmotic disruptions of the lily pollen tube oscillator: testing proposed models, Planta, 217, 147–157.
- Miedema, H. & Assmann, S.M. (1996) A membrane-delimited effect of internal pH on the K+ outward rectifier of Vicia faba guard cells, J. Membr. Biol., 154, 227–237.
- Mikoshiba, K. (2002) IP3 receptor, a Ca2+ oscillator – role of IP3 receptor in development and neural plasticity, Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 120, 6–10.
- Molendijk, A.J., Bischoff, F., Rajendrakumar, C.S., Friml, J., Braun, M., Gilroy, S. & Palme, K. (2001) Arabidopsis thaliana Rop GTPases are localized to tips of root hairs and control polar growth, EMBO J., 20, 2779–2788.
- Moshelion, M., Becker, D., Czempinski, K., et al. (2002) Diurnal and circadian regulation of putative potassium channels in a leaf moving organ, Plant Physiol., 128, 634–642.
- Moshelion, M. & Moran, N. (2000) Potassium-efflux channels in extensor and flexor cells of the motor organ of Samanea saman are not identical. Effects of cytosolic calcium, Plant Physiol., 124, 911–919.
- Moysset, L. & Simon, E. (1989) Role of calcium in phytochrome-controlled nyctinastic movements of Albizzia lophantha leaflets, Plant Physiol., 90, 1108–1114.
- Murata, Y., Pei, Z.M., Mori, I.C. & Schroeder, J. (2001) Abscisic acid activation of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels in guard cells requires cytosolic NAD(P)H and is differentially disrupted upstream and downstream of reactive oxygen species production in abi1-1 and abi2-1 protein phosphatase 2C mutants, Plant Cell, 13, 2513–2523.
- Nishimura, T., Yokota, E., Wada, T., Shimmen, T. & Okada, K. (2003) An Arabidopsis ACT2 dominant-negative mutation, which disturbs F-actin polymerization, reveals its distinctive function in root development, Plant Cell Physiol., 44, 1131–1140.
- Outlaw, W.J. (2003) Integration of cellular and physiological functions of guard cells, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 22(6), 503–529.
- Park, K.Y., Jung, J.Y., Park, J., et al. (2003) A role for phosphatidylinositol, 3-phosphate in abscisic acid-induced reactive oxygen species generation in guard cells, Plant Physiol., 132, 92–98.
- Parton, R.M., Fischer, S., Malho, R., et al. (1997) Pronounced cytoplasmic pH gradients are not required for tip growth in plant and fungal cells, J. Cell. Sci., 110, 1187–1198.
- Parton, R.M., Fischer-Parton, S., Trewavas, A.J. & Watahiki, M.K. (2003) Pollen tubes exhibit regular periodic membrane trafficking events in the absence of apical extension, J. Cell. Sci., 116, 2707–2719.
- Pei, Z.M., Murata, Y., Benning, G., et al. (2000) Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells, Nature, 406, 731–734.
- Perera, I., Heilmann, I. & Boss, W. (1999) Transient and sustained increases in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate precede the differential growth response in gravistimulated maize pulvini, PNAS, 96, 5838–5843.
- Pierson, E.S., Miller, D.D., Callaham, D.A., et al. (1994) Pollen tube growth is coupled to the extracellular calcium ion flux and the intracellular calcium gradient: effect of BAPTA-type buffers and hypertonic media, Plant Cell, 6, 1815–1828.
- Pierson, E.S., Miller, D.D., Callaham, D.A., van Aken, J., Hackett, G. & Hepler, P.K. (1996) Tip-localized calcium entry fluctuates during pollen tube growth, Dev. Biol., 174, 160–173.
- Poffenroth, M., Green, D. & Tallman, G. (1992) Sugar concentrations in guard cells of Vicia faba illuminated with red or blue light, Plant Physiol., 98, 1460–1471.
- Potikha, T.S., Collins, C.C., Johnson, D.I., Delmer, D.P. & Levine, A. (1999) The involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the differentiation of secondary walls in cotton fibers, Plant Physiol., 119, 849–858.
- Rigas, S., Debrosses, G., Haralampidis, K., et al. (2001) TRH1 encodes a potassium transporter required for tip growth in Arabidopsis root hairs, Plant Cell, 13, 139–151.
- Ringli, C., Baumberger, N., Diet, A., Frey, B. & Keller, B. (2002) ACTIN2 is essential for bulge site selection and tip growth during root hair development of Arabidopsis , Plant Physiol., 129, 1464–1472.
- Roblin, G. & Fleurat-Lessard, P. (1984) A possible mode of calcium involvement in dark- and light-induced leaflet movements in Cassia fasciculate Michx, Plant Cell Physiol., 25, 1495–1499.
- Roelfsema, M.R., Steinmeyer, R., Staal, M. & Hedrich, R. (2001) Single guard cell recordings in intact plants: light-induced hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane, Plant J., 26, 1–13.
- Romano, L.A., Jacob, T., Gilroy, S. & Assmann, S.M. (2000) Increases in cytosolic Ca2+ are not required for abscisic acid-inhibition of inward K+ currents in guard cells of Vicia faba L., Planta, 211, 209–217.
- Roncal, T., Ugalde, U.O. & Irastorza, A. (1993) Calcium-induced conidiation in Penicillium cyclopium: calcium triggers cytosolic alkalinization at the hyphal tip, J. Bacteriol., 175, 879–886.
- Sanders, D., Pelloux, J., Brownlee, C. & Harper, J.F. (2002) Calcium at the crossroads of signaling, Plant Cell, 14, S401–417.
- Sater, A.K., Alderton, J.M. & Steinhardt, R.A. (1994) An increase in intracellular pH during neural induction in Xenopus , Development, 120, 433–442.
- Satter, R., Garber, R., Khairallah, L. & Cheng, Y. (1982) Elemental analysis of freeze-dried thin sections of Samanea motor organs; barriers to ion diffusion through the apoplast, J. Cell Biol., 95, 893–902.
- R. Satter, H. Gorton & T. Vogelmann (eds) (1990) The Pulvinus: Motor Organ for Leaf Movement, American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, MD.
- Satter, R., Guggino, S., Lonergan, T. & Galston, A. (1981) The effects of blue and far red light on rhythmic leaflet movements in Samanea and Albizzia , Plant Physiol., 67, 965–968.
-
Schonknecht, G., Spoormaker, P., Steinmeyer, R., et al. (2002) KCO1 is a component of the slow-vacuolar (SV) ion channel, FEBS Lett., 511, 28–32.
10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03273-2 Google Scholar
- Schroeder, J.I. (1988) K+ transport properties of K+ channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells, J. Gen. Physiol., 92, 667–683.
- Schroeder, J.I., Allen, G.J., Hugouvieux, V., Kwak, J.M. & Waner, D. (2001a). Guard cell signal transduction, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., Plant Mol. Biol., 52, 627–658.
- Schroeder, J.I. & Keller, B.U. (1992) Two types of anion channel currents in guard cells with distinct voltage regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 5025–5029.
- Schroeder, J.I., Kwak, J.M. & Allen, G.J. (2001b). Guard cell abscisic acid signalling and engineering drought hardiness in plants. Nature, 410, 327–330.
- Schroeder, J., Raschke, K. & Neher, E. (1987) Voltage dependence of K+ channels in guard cell protoplasts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84, 4108–4112.
- Schultheiss, H., Dechert, C., Kogel, K.H. & Huckelhoven, R. (2003) Functional analysis of barley RAC/ROP G-protein family members in susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus, Plant J., 36, 589–601.
- Shaw, S.L. & Quatrano, R.S. (1996) The role of targeted secretion in the establishment of cell polarity and the orientation of the division plane in Fucus zygotes, Development, 122, 2623–2630.
- Shimazaki, K., Iino, M. & Zeiger E. (1986) Blue light-dependent proton extrusion of guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba , Nature, 319, 324–326.
- Shope, J.C., DeWald, D.B. & Mott, K.A. (2003) Changes in surface area of intact guard cells are correlated with membrane internalization, Plant Physiol., 133, 1314–1321.
- Silverman-Gavrila, L.B. & Lew, R.R. (2001) Regulation of the tip-high [Ca2+] gradient in growing hyphae of the fungus Neurospora crassa , Eur J. Cell. Biol., 80, 379–390.
- Silverman-Gavrila, L.B. & Lew, R.R. (2002) An IP3-activated Ca2+ channel regulates fungal tip growth, J. Cell. Sci., 115, 5013–5025.
- Starrach, N. & Mayer, W. (1989) Changes of the apoplastic pH and K+ concentration in the Phaseolus pulvinus in situ in relation to rhythmic leaf movements, J. Exp. Biol., 217, 865–873.
- Staxen, I.I., Pical, C., Montgomery, L.T., Gray, J.E., Hetherington, A.M. & McAinsh, M.R. (1999) Abscisic acid induces oscillations in guard-cell cytosolic free calcium that involve phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 1779–1784.
- Stoeckel, H. & Takeda, K. (1995) Calcium-sensitivity of the plasmalemmal delayed rectifier potassium current suggests that calcium influx in pulvinar protoplasts from Mimosa pudica L. can be revealed by hyperpolarization, J. Membr. Biol., 146, 201–209.
- Suh, S., Moran, N. & Lee, Y. (2000) Blue light activates potassium-efflux channels in flexor cells from Samanea saman motor organs via two mechanisms, Plant Physiol., 123, 833–843.
- Szyroki, A., Ivashikina, N., Dietrich, P., et al. (2001) KAT1 is not essential for stomatal opening, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 2917–2921.
- Talbott, L.D. & Zeiger, E. (1993) Sugar and organic acid accumulation in guard cells of Vicia faba in response to red and blue light, Plant Physiol., 102, 1163–1169.
- Talbott, L.D. & Zeiger, E. (1996) Central roles for potassium and sucrose in guard-cell osmoregulation, Plant Physiol., 111, 1051–1057.
- Taylor, A.R., Manison, N., Fernandez, C., Wood, J. & Brownlee, C. (1996) Spatial organization of calcium signaling involved in cell volume control in the Fucus rhizoid, Plant Cell, 8, 2015–2031.
- Thiel, G., Sutter, J.U. & Homann, U. (2000) Ca2+-sensitive and Ca2+-insensitive exocytosis in maize coleoptile protoplasts, Pflugers Arch., 439, R152–153.
- Trotochaud, A.E., Hao, T., Wu, G., Yang, Z. & Clark, S.E. (1999) The CLAVATA1 receptor-like kinase requires CLAVATA3 for its assembly into a signaling complex that includes KAPP and a Rho-related protein, Plant Cell, 11, 393–406.
- Very, A. & Davies, J. (2000) Hyperpolarization-activated calcium channels at the tip of Arabidopsis root hairs, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 97, pp. 9801–9806.
- Wang, X.Q., Ullah, H., Jones, A.M. & Assmann, S.M. (2001) G protein regulation of ion channels and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells, Science, 292, 2070–2072.
- Wasteneys, G.O. & Galway, M.E. (2003) Remodeling the cytoskeleton for growth and form: an overview with some new views, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 54, 691–722.
- Weisenseel, M., Dorn, A. & Jaffe, L.F. (1979) Natural H+ currents traverse growing roots and root hairs of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Plant Physiol., 64, 512–518.
- Worrall, D., Ng, C.K. & Hetherington, A.M. (2003) Sphingolipids, new players in plant signaling, Trends Plant Sci., 8, 317–320.
- Wu, G., Gu, Y., Li, S. & Yang, Z. (2001) A genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis Rop-interactive CRIB motif-containing proteins that act as Rop GTPase targets, Plant Cell, 13, 2841–2856.
- Wymer, C.L., Bibikova, T.N. & Gilroy, S. (1997) Cytoplasmic free calcium distributions during the development of root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana , Plant J., 12, 427–439.
- Yang, Z. (2002) Small GTPases: versatile signaling switches in plants, Plant Cell, 14, S375–388.
- Yu, L., Moshelion, M. & Moran, N. (2001) Extracellular protons inhibit the activity of inward-rectifying potassium channels in the motor cells of Samanea saman pulvini, Plant Physiol., 127, 1310–1322.
- Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Dong, F., Gao, J., Galbraith, D.W. & Song, C.P. (2001) Hydrogen peroxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba , Plant Physiol., 126, 1438–1448.
- Zheng, Z.L., Nafisi, M., Tam, A., et al. (2002) Plasma membrane-associated ROP10 small GTPase is a specific negative regulator of abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis , Plant Cell, 14, 2787–2797.
- Zorec, R. & Tester, M. (1992) Cytoplasmic calcium stimulates exocytosis in a plant secretory cell, Biophys. J., 63, 864–867.
Browse other articles of this reference work: