Chapter 60
Electrolyte Disorders
Guisen Li,
Li Wang,
Qi Qian,
Guisen Li
Renal Department, Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, China
Search for more papers by this authorLi Wang
Renal Department, Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, China
Search for more papers by this authorQi Qian
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGuisen Li,
Li Wang,
Qi Qian,
Guisen Li
Renal Department, Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, China
Search for more papers by this authorLi Wang
Renal Department, Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, China
Search for more papers by this authorQi Qian
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Jonathan C. Craig MBChB, DipCH, MMed(Clin Epi), PhD, FAHMS,
Donald A. Molony MD,
Giovanni F.M. Strippoli MD, PhD, MPH, MM (Epi),
Jonathan C. Craig MBChB, DipCH, MMed(Clin Epi), PhD, FAHMS
Matthew Flinders Distinguished Professor Vice President and Executive Dean
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorDonald A. Molony MD
Professor of Medicine Distinguished Teaching Professor of the University of Texas System
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension AND Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-based Medicine, McGovern Medical School University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGiovanni F.M. Strippoli MD, PhD, MPH, MM (Epi)
Professor of Nephrology Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology
Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation – University of Bari, Bari, Italy
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 18 November 2022
Summary
Electrolytes are involved in numerous intracellular and extracellular biological and physiological functions, including maintenance of cell volume, cellular ionic strength, and enzymatic activities, critical for sustaining life. Hyponatremia is by far the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in practice. This chapter explores the existing and new advances in electrolyte alterations. Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in both the community-dwelling population and in hospitalized patients. Hypernatremia is less common than hyponatremia, with a reported incidence of 1–3% in hospitalized patients. The chapter outlines the management of potassium disorders. Hyperkalemia is the most common electrolyte disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hypokalemia is also associated with an increased risk of developing CKD and CKD progression. Management of acute and symptomatic hyperkalemia requires cardiovascular monitoring. The chapter provides the major causes of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Both hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia adversely impact patient outcomes, including increased mortality and duration of hospital stay.
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