Chapter 38
Preparation for Dialysis
Oluwatoyin I. Ameh,
Muhammad A. Makusidi,
Aminu M. Sakajiki,
Hamidu M. Liman,
Ikechi G. Okpechi,
Oluwatoyin I. Ameh
Division of Nephrology, Zenith Medical and Kidney Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad A. Makusidi
Division of Nephrology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorAminu M. Sakajiki
Division of Nephrology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorHamidu M. Liman
Division of Nephrology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorIkechi G. Okpechi
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Search for more papers by this authorOluwatoyin I. Ameh,
Muhammad A. Makusidi,
Aminu M. Sakajiki,
Hamidu M. Liman,
Ikechi G. Okpechi,
Oluwatoyin I. Ameh
Division of Nephrology, Zenith Medical and Kidney Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad A. Makusidi
Division of Nephrology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorAminu M. Sakajiki
Division of Nephrology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorHamidu M. Liman
Division of Nephrology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorIkechi G. Okpechi
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Jonathan C. Craig MBChB, DipCH, MMed(Clin Epi), PhD, FAHMS,
Donald A. Molony MD,
Giovanni F.M. Strippoli MD, PhD, MPH, MM (Epi),
Jonathan C. Craig MBChB, DipCH, MMed(Clin Epi), PhD, FAHMS
Matthew Flinders Distinguished Professor Vice President and Executive Dean
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorDonald A. Molony MD
Professor of Medicine Distinguished Teaching Professor of the University of Texas System
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension AND Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-based Medicine, McGovern Medical School University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGiovanni F.M. Strippoli MD, PhD, MPH, MM (Epi)
Professor of Nephrology Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology
Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation – University of Bari, Bari, Italy
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 18 November 2022
Summary
This chapter focuses on the approach to dialysis modality selection, patient education, and preparation for specific modalities. It is widely known and accepted that end-stage kidney disease is a noncommunicable disease with global impact and public health importance. Management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be complicated given that at early stages CKD is usually an asymptomatic condition. Patient education is a process and should begin from the time when the physician reveals the diagnosis, which should be delivered at the patient's pace of understanding with empathy and conveyance of hope. The optimal time to initiate maintenance dialysis is currently unknown; many patients are vulnerable during this transition period as it has been reported that the majority of patients are unprepared and ill-informed about commencing dialysis.
References
- Hazzan , A.D. , Halinski , C. , Agoritsas , S. et al. ( 2016 ). Epidemiology and challenges to the management of advanced CKD . Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 23 ( 4 ): 217 – 221 .
- Saran , R. , Robinson , B. , Abbott , K.C. et al. ( 2018 ). US renal data system 2017 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 71 ( 3s1 ): A7 .
- Liyanage , T. , Ninomiya , T. , Jha , V. et al. ( 2015 ). Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review . Lancet 385 ( 9981 ): 1975 – 1982 .
- Swanepoel , C.R. , Wearne , N. , and Okpechi , I.G. ( 2013 ). Nephrology in Africa – not yet uhuru . Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9 ( 10 ): 610 – 622 .
- Kilonzo , K.G. , Jones , E.S.W. , Okpechi , I.G. et al. ( 2017 ). Disparities in dialysis allocation: an audit from the new South Africa . PLoS One 12 ( 4 ): e0176041 .
- Hemmelgarn , B.R. , Manns , B.J. , Zhang , J. et al. ( 2007 ). Association between multidisciplinary care and survival for elderly patients with chronic kidney disease . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18 ( 3 ): 993 – 999 .
- Bayliss , E.A. , Bhardwaja , B. , Ross , C. et al. ( 2011 ). Multidisciplinary team care may slow the rate of decline in renal function . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 ( 4 ): 704 – 710 .
- Foley , R.N. , Murray , A.M. , Li , S. et al. ( 2005 ). Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999 . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 ( 2 ): 489 – 495 .
- Keith , D.S. , Nichols , G.A. , Gullion , C.M. et al. ( 2004 ). Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization . Arch. Intern. Med. 164 ( 6 ): 659 – 663 .
- Saran , R. , Robinson , B. , Abbott , K.C. et al. ( 2017 ). US renal data system 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 69 ( 3 Suppl 1 ): A7 – A8 .
- Heaf , J. ( 2017 ). Current trends in European renal epidemiology . Clin. Kidney J. 10 ( 2 ): 149 – 153 .
- Chapman , J.R. ( 2013 ). What are the key challenges we face in kidney transplantation today? Transplant. Res. 2 ( Suppl 1 ): S1 .
- Thomas , B. , Wulf , S. , Bikbov , B. et al. ( 2015 ). Maintenance dialysis throughout the world in years 1990 and 2010 . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 26 ( 11 ): 2621 – 2233 .
- Karkar , A. ( 2011 ). The value of pre-dialysis care . Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant. 22 ( 3 ): 419 – 427 .
- Arora , P. , Obrador , G.T. , Ruthazer , R. et al. ( 1999 ). Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of late nephrology referral at a tertiary care center . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 ( 6 ): 1281 – 1286 .
- White , S.L. , Polkinghorne , K.R. , Cass , A. et al. ( 2008 ). Limited knowledge of kidney disease in a survey of AusDiab study participants . Med. J. Australia 188 ( 4 ): 204 – 208 .
- Shan , Y. , Zhang , Q. , Liu , Z. et al. ( 2010 ). Prevalence and risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in adults over 40 years: a population study from Central China . Nephrology (Carlton) 15 ( 3 ): 354 – 361 .
- Tuot , D.S. , Plantinga , L.C. , Hsu , C.Y. et al. ( 2011 ). Chronic kidney disease awareness among individuals with clinical markers of kidney dysfunction . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 ( 8 ): 1838 – 1844 .
- Ptacek , J.T. and Eberhardt , T.L. ( 1996 ). Breaking bad news. A review of the literature . JAMA 276 ( 6 ): 496 – 502 .
- Schofield , P.E. , Butow , P.N. , Thompson , J.F. et al. ( 2003 ). Psychological responses of patients receiving a diagnosis of cancer . Ann. Oncol. 14 ( 1 ): 48 – 56 .
- Golper , T. ( 2001 ). Patient education: can it maximize the success of therapy? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 16 ( Suppl 7 ): 20 – 24 .
- Saggi , S.J. , Allon , M. , Bernardini , J. et al. ( 2012 ). Considerations in the optimal preparation of patients for dialysis . Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 8 ( 7 ): 381 – 389 .
- Devins , G.M. , Mendelssohn , D.C. , Barre , P.E. , and Binik , Y.M. ( 2003 ). Predialysis psychoeducational intervention and coping styles influence time to dialysis in chronic kidney disease . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 42 ( 4 ): 693 – 703 .
- Mehrotra , R. ( 2011 ). Bridging the care gap around dialysis initiation: is CKD education part of the solution? Am. J. Kidney Dis. 58 ( 2 ): 160 – 161 .
- Lacson , E. Jr. , Wang , W. , DeVries , C. et al. ( 2011 ). Effects of a nationwide predialysis educational program on modality choice, vascular access, and patient outcomes . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 58 ( 2 ): 235 – 242 .
- Wu , I.W. , Wang , S.Y. , Hsu , K.H. et al. ( 2009 ). Multidisciplinary predialysis education decreases the incidence of dialysis and reduces mortality–a controlled cohort study based on the NKF/DOQI guidelines . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24 ( 11 ): 3426 – 3433 .
- Lopez-Vargas , P.A. , Tong , A. , Howell , M. , and Craig , J.C. ( 2016 ). Educational interventions for patients with CKD: a systematic review . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 68 ( 3 ): 353 – 370 .
- Campbell , K.L. , Ash , S. , and Bauer , J.D. ( 2008 ). The impact of nutrition intervention on quality of life in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients . Clin. Nut. (Edinburgh, Scotland) 27 ( 4 ): 537 – 544 .
- Gutierrez Vilaplana , J.M. , Zampieron , A. , Craver , L. , and Buja , A. ( 2009 ). Evaluation of psychological outcomes following the intervention ‘teaching group’: study on predialysis patients . J. Ren. Care 35 ( 3 ): 159 – 164 .
- Paes-Barreto , J.G. , Silva , M.I. , Qureshi , A.R. et al. ( 2013 ). Can renal nutrition education improve adherence to a low-protein diet in patients with stages 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease? J. Ren. Nut. 23 ( 3 ): 164 – 171 .
- Lin , C.C. , Tsai , F.M. , Lin , H.S. et al. ( 2013 ). Effects of a self-management program on patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease: a pilot study . Appl. Nurs. Res. 26 ( 3 ): 151 – 156 .
- Teng , H.L. , Yen , M. , Fetzer , S. et al. ( 2013 ). Effects of targeted interventions on lifestyle modifications of chronic kidney disease patients: randomized controlled trial . West. J. Nurs. Res. 35 ( 9 ): 1107 – 1127 .
- Chen , S.H. , Tsai , Y.F. , Sun , C.Y. et al. ( 2011 ). The impact of self-management support on the progression of chronic kidney disease–a prospective randomized controlled trial . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26 ( 11 ): 3560 – 3566 .
- Pagels , A.A. , Hylander , B. , and Alvarsson , M. ( 2015 ). A multi-dimensional support programme for patients with diabetic kidney disease . J. Ren. Care 41 ( 3 ): 187 – 194 .
- Jia , T. , Bi , S.H. , Lindholm , B. , and Wang , T. ( 2012 ). Effect of multi-dimensional education on disease progression in pre-dialysis patients in China . Ren. Fail. 34 ( 1 ): 47 – 52 .
- Walker , R.C. , Marshall , M.R. , and Polaschek , N.R. ( 2014 ). A prospective clinical trial of specialist renal nursing in the primary care setting to prevent progression of chronic kidney: a quality improvement report . BMC Fam. Pract. 15 : 155 .
- Kurella Tamura , M. , Li , S. , Chen , S.C. et al. ( 2014 ). Educational programs improve the preparation for dialysis and survival of patients with chronic kidney disease . Kidney Int. 85 ( 3 ): 686 – 692 .
- Bargman , J.M. ( 2015 ). Timing of initiation of RRT and modality selection . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 ( 6 ): 1072 – 1077 .
- Saran , R. , Li , Y. , Robinson , B. et al. ( 2015 ). US renal data system 2014 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 66 ( 1 Suppl 1 ) Svii, S1–305.
- Liu , F.X. , Gao , X. , Inglese , G. et al. ( 2015 ). A global overview of the impact of peritoneal dialysis first or favored policies: an opinion . Perit. Dial. Int. 35 ( 4 ): 406 – 420 .
- Li , P.K. , Chow , K.M. , Van de Luijtgaarden , M.W. et al. ( 2017 ). Changes in the worldwide epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis . Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 13 ( 2 ): 90 – 103 .
- Song , M.K. , Lin , F.C. , Gilet , C.A. et al. ( 2013 ). Patient perspectives on informed decision-making surrounding dialysis initiation . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 28 ( 11 ): 2815 – 2823 .
- Murray , M.A. , Brunier , G. , Chung , J.O. et al. ( 2009 ). A systematic review of factors influencing decision-making in adults living with chronic kidney disease . Patient Educ. Couns. 76 ( 2 ): 149 – 158 .
- Johansson , L. ( 2013 ). Shared decision making and patient involvement in choosing home therapies . J. Ren. Care 39 ( Suppl 1 ): 9 – 15 .
- Deber , R.B. , Kraetschmer , N. , Urowitz , S. , and Sharpe , N. ( 2007 ). Do people want to be autonomous patients? Preferred roles in treatment decision-making in several patient populations . Health Expectations 10 ( 3 ): 248 – 258 .
- Ambigapathy , R. , Chia , Y.C. , and Ng , C.J. ( 2016 ). Patient involvement in decision-making: a cross-sectional study in a Malaysian primary care clinic . BMJ Open 6 ( 1 ): e010063 .
- Levinson , W. , Kao , A. , Kuby , A. , and Thisted , R.A. ( 2005 ). Not all patients want to participate in decision making. A national study of public preferences . J. Gen. Intern. Med. 20 ( 6 ): 531 – 535 .
- Legare , F. , Ratte , S. , Gravel , K. , and Graham , I.D. ( 2008 ). Barriers and facilitators to implementing shared decision-making in clinical practice: update of a systematic review of health professionals' perceptions . Patient Educ. Couns. 73 ( 3 ): 526 – 535 .
- Gravel , K. , Legare , F. , and Graham , I.D. ( 2006 ). Barriers and facilitators to implementing shared decision-making in clinical practice: a systematic review of health professionals' perceptions . Implementation Sci. 1 : 16 .
- Bonner , A. and Lloyd , A. ( 2012 ). Exploring the information practices of people with end-stage kidney disease . J. Ren. Care 38 ( 3 ): 124 – 130 .
- Dahlerus , C. , Quinn , M. , Messersmith , E. et al. ( 2016 ). Patient perspectives on the choice of dialysis modality: results from the empowering patients on choices for renal replacement therapy (EPOCH-RRT) study . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 68 ( 6 ): 901 – 910 .
- McDonald , S.P. , Marshall , M.R. , Johnson , D.W. , and Polkinghorne , K.R. ( 2009 ). Relationship between dialysis modality and mortality . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20 ( 1 ): 155 – 163 .
- Vonesh , E.F. , Snyder , J.J. , Foley , R.N. , and Collins , A.J. ( 2006 ). Mortality studies comparing peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis: what do they tell us? Kidney Int. Suppl. 103 : S3 – S11 .
- Jaar , B.G. , Coresh , J. , Plantinga , L.C. et al. ( 2005 ). Comparing the risk for death with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis in a national cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease . Ann. Intern. Med. 143 ( 3 ): 174 – 183 .
- van de Luijtgaarden , M.W. , Jager , K.J. , Segelmark , M. et al. ( 2016 ). Trends in dialysis modality choice and related patient survival in the ERA-EDTA Registry over a 20-year period . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 31 ( 1 ): 120 – 128 .
- Marshall , M.R. , Walker , R.C. , Polkinghorne , K.R. , and Lynn , K.L. ( 2014 ). Survival on home dialysis in New Zealand . PLoS One 9 ( 5 ): e96847 .
- Nadeau-Fredette , A.C. , Hawley , C.M. , Pascoe , E.M. et al. ( 2015 ). An incident cohort study comparing survival on home hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis (Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Registry) . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 ( 8 ): 1397 – 1407 .
- Walker , R.C. , Morton , R.L. , Palmer , S.C. et al. ( 2018 ). A discrete choice study of patient preferences for dialysis modalities . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 ( 1 ): 100 – 108 .
- Parker , M.G. and Himmelfarb , J. ( 2009 ). Preparation for Dialysis . In: Evidence-Based Nephrology (eds. J.C. Craig , D.A. Molony and G.F.M. Strippoli ), 391 .
- Hussain , J.A. , Flemming , K. , Murtagh , F.E. , and Johnson , M.J. ( 2015 ). Patient and health care professional decision-making to commence and withdraw from renal dialysis: a systematic review of qualitative research . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 ( 7 ): 1201 – 1215 .
- Slinin , Y. , Guo , H. , Li , S. et al. ( 2014 ). Provider and care characteristics associated with timing of dialysis initiation . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9 ( 2 ): 310 – 317 .
- Cooper , B.A. , Branley , P. , Bulfone , L. et al. ( 2010 ). A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis . N. Engl. J. Med. 363 ( 7 ): 609 – 619 .
- Jindal , K. , Chan , C.T. , Deziel , C. et al. ( 2006 ). Hemodialysis clinical practice guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 ( 3 Suppl 1 ): S1 – S27 .
- Vascular Access 2006 Work Group ( 2006 ). Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 48 : S176 – S247 . doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.04.029. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.04.029.
- Tordoir , J. , Canaud , B. , Haage , P. et al. ( 2007 ). EBPG on vascular access . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 22 ( suppl_2 ): ii88 – ii117 .
- Sidawy , A.N. , Spergel , L.M. , Besarab , A. et al. ( 2008 ). The Society for Vascular Surgery: clinical practice guidelines for the surgical placement and maintenance of arteriovenous hemodialysis access . J. Vasc. Surg. 48 ( 5 Suppl ): 2s – 25s .
- Kumwenda , M. , Mitra , S. , and Reid , C . ( 2015 ). UK Renal Association Clinical Practice Guideline Vascular Access For Haemodialysis UK Renal Association . 6e. https://renal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/vascular-access.pdf .
- Kukita , K. , Ohira , S. , Amano , I. et al. ( 2015 ). 2011 update Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy guidelines of vascular access construction and repair for chronic hemodialysis . Ther. Apher. Dial. 19 ( Suppl 1 ): 1 – 39 .
- Schmidli , J. , Widmer , M.K. , Basile , C. et al. ( 2018 ). Editor's choice – vascular access: 2018 clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) . Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 55 ( 6 ): 757 – 818 .
- Tattersall , J. , Dekker , F. , Heimburger , O. et al. ( 2011 ). When to start dialysis: updated guidance following publication of the Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) study . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26 ( 7 ): 2082 – 2086 .
- KDIGO. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group ( 2013 ). KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease . Kidney Int. Suppl. 3 : 1 – 150 .
- Nesrallah , G.E. , Mustafa , R.A. , Clark , W.F. et al. ( 2014 ). Canadian Society of Nephrology 2014 clinical practice guideline for timing the initiation of chronic dialysis . Can. Med. Assoc. J. 186 ( 2 ): 112 – 117 .
- Watanabe , Y. , Yamagata , K. , Nishi , S. et al. ( 2015 ). Japanese society for dialysis therapy clinical guideline for “hemodialysis initiation for maintenance hemodialysis” . Ther. Apher. Dial. 19 ( Suppl 1 ): 93 – 107 .
- KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Hemodialysis Adequacy ( 2015 ). 2015 update . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 66 ( 5 ): 884 – 930 .
- Rosansky , S.J. , Eggers , P. , Jackson , K. et al. ( 2011 ). Early start of hemodialysis may be harmful . Arch. Intern. Med. 171 ( 5 ): 396 – 403 .
- Wright , S. , Klausner , D. , Baird , B. et al. ( 2010 ). Timing of dialysis initiation and survival in ESRD . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 ( 10 ): 1828 – 1835 .
- Zhang , Y. , Hu , C. , Bian , Z. , and Chen , P. ( 2018 ). Impact of timing of initiation of dialysis on long-term prognosis of patients undergoing hemodialysis . Exp. Ther. Med. 16 ( 2 ): 1209 – 1215 .
- Murphy , S.W. , Foley , R.N. , Barrett , B.J. et al. ( 2000 ). Comparative mortality of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in Canada . Kidney Int. 57 ( 4 ): 1720 – 1726 .
- Trinh , E. , Chan , C.T. , and Perl , J. ( 2018 ). Dialysis modality and survival: done to death . Semin. Dial. 31 ( 4 ): 315 – 324 .
- Jain , A.K. , Sontrop , J.M. , Perl , J. et al. ( 2014 ). Timing of peritoneal dialysis initiation and mortality: analysis of the Canadian Organ Replacement Registry . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 63 ( 5 ): 798 – 805 .
- Johnson , D.W. , Wong , M.G. , Cooper , B.A. et al. ( 2012 ). Effect of timing of dialysis commencement on clinical outcomes of patients with planned initiation of peritoneal dialysis in the IDEAL trial . Perit. Dial. Int. 32 ( 6 ): 595 – 604 .
- Woo , K. and Lok , C.E. ( 2016 ). New insights into dialysis vascular access: what is the optimal vascular access type and timing of access creation in CKD and dialysis patients? Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 ( 8 ): 1487 – 1494 .
- Polkinghorne , K.R. , Chin , G.K. , MacGinley , R.J. et al. ( 2013 ). KHA-CARI guideline: vascular access – central venous catheters, arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous grafts . Nephrology (Carlton) 18 ( 11 ): 701 – 705 .
- Papini , A. , Ravani , P. , and Quinn , R.R. ( 2018 ). Controversies in vascular access . Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens 27 ( 3 ): 209 – 213 .
- Twardowski , Z.J. ( 1995 ). Percutaneous blood access for hemodialysis . Semin. Dial. 8 ( 3 ): 175 – 186 .
- Huijbregts , H.J. and Blankestijn , P.J. ( 2006 ). Dialysis access–guidelines for current practice . Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 31 ( 3 ): 284 – 287 .
- Lok , C.E. and Foley , R. ( 2013 ). Vascular access morbidity and mortality: trends of the last decade . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8 ( 7 ): 1213 – 1219 .
- Perera , G.B. , Mueller , M.P. , Kubaska , S.M. et al. ( 2004 ). Superiority of autogenous arteriovenous hemodialysis access: maintenance of function with fewer secondary interventions . Ann. Vasc. Surg. 18 ( 1 ): 66 – 73 .
- Lok , C.E. , Sontrop , J.M. , Tomlinson , G. et al. ( 2013 ). Cumulative patency of contemporary fistulas versus grafts (2000-2010) . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8 ( 5 ): 810 – 818 .
- Dumaine , C.S. , Brown , R.S. , MacRae , J.M. et al. ( 2018 ). Central venous catheters for chronic hemodialysis: is “last choice” never the “right choice”? Semin. Dial. 31 ( 1 ): 3 – 10 .
- Murea , M. , James , K.M. , Russell , G.B. et al. ( 2014 ). Risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection in elderly patients on hemodialysis . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9 ( 4 ): 764 – 770 .
- Grubbs , V. , Wasse , H. , Vittinghoff , E. et al. ( 2014 ). Health status as a potential mediator of the association between hemodialysis vascular access and mortality . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 29 ( 4 ): 892 – 898 .
- Ravani , P. , Palmer , S.C. , Oliver , M.J. et al. ( 2013 ). Associations between hemodialysis access type and clinical outcomes: a systematic review . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 24 ( 3 ): 465 – 473 .
- Astor , B.C. , Eustace , J.A. , Powe , N.R. et al. ( 2001 ). Timing of nephrologist referral and arteriovenous access use: the CHOICE Study . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 38 ( 3 ): 494 – 501 .
- Pisoni , R.L. , Zepel , L. , Port , F.K. , and Robinson , B.M. ( 2015 ). Trends in US vascular access use, patient preferences, and related practices: an update from the US DOPPS practice monitor with international comparisons . Am. J. Kidney Dis. 65 ( 6 ): 905 – 915 .
- Sequeira , A. , Naljayan , M. , and Vachharajani , T.J. ( 2017 ). Vascular access guidelines: summary, rationale, and controversies . Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 20 ( 1 ): 2 – 8 .
- Hod , T. , Desilva , R.N. , Patibandla , B.K. et al. ( 2014 ). Factors predicting failure of AV “fistula first” policy in the elderly . Hemodial. Int. 18 ( 2 ): 507 – 515 .
- USRDS . ( 2013 ). USRDS 2013 Annual Data Report: atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States . National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda, MD .
- Hall , R.K. , Myers , E.R. , Rosas , S.E. et al. ( 2017 ). Choice of hemodialysis access in older adults: a cost-effectiveness analysis . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12 ( 6 ): 947 – 954 .
- Woo , K. , Goldman , D.P. , and Romley , J.A. ( 2015 ). Early failure of dialysis access among the elderly in the era of fistula first . Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 ( 10 ): 1791 – 1798 .
- Lo , W.K. , Kwan , T.H. , Ho , Y.W. et al. ( 2008 ). Preparing patients for peritoneal dialysis . Perit. Dial. Int. 28 ( Suppl 3 ): S69 – S71 .
- Figueiredo , A. , Goh , B.L. , Jenkins , S. et al. ( 2010 ). Clinical practice guidelines for peritoneal access . Perit. Dial. Int. 30 ( 4 ): 424 – 429 .
- Dombros , N. , Dratwa , M. , Feriani , M. et al. ( 2005 ). European best practice guidelines for peritoneal dialysis. 3 peritoneal access . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20 ( Suppl 9 ): ix8 – ix12 .
