Charles Darwin provided a materialistic scientific alternative to belief(s) that human beings and other organisms are the products of creation or design by celestial being(s). His researches on organisms other than humans serve as models of what one can learn via careful observation, controlled comparisons, and experimentation. Personal ethnographic observations and biased methods that formed his opinions of the relative intellectual capacities of women and other-than-English, upper-class fellow men had negative effects on social policy besides anthropology.