Chapter 12
Racial Socialization and Racial Discrimination as Intra- and Intergroup Processes
Diane Hughes,
Jessica Harding,
Erika Y. Niwa,
Juan Del Toro,
Niobe Way,
Diane Hughes
Search for more papers by this authorJessica Harding
Search for more papers by this authorErika Y. Niwa
Search for more papers by this authorJuan Del Toro
Search for more papers by this authorDiane Hughes,
Jessica Harding,
Erika Y. Niwa,
Juan Del Toro,
Niobe Way,
Diane Hughes
Search for more papers by this authorJessica Harding
Search for more papers by this authorErika Y. Niwa
Search for more papers by this authorJuan Del Toro
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Adam Rutland,
Drew Nesdale,
Christia Spears Brown,
Adam Rutland
Search for more papers by this authorDrew Nesdale
Search for more papers by this authorChristia Spears Brown
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter focuses on two important mechanisms through which racial learning occurs: children's experiences of discrimination across multiple settings and messages that children receive from parents, termed racial socialization. Notably, these two mechanisms are dynamically interdependent and deeply intertwined. Youth's discrimination experiences reflect both objective and potentially verifiable racial dynamics as well as their pre-existing expectations about, or predispositions toward, intergroup relations, the latter being partly shaped by parents' racial socialization. Parents’ racial socialization likewise emanates from, and is embedded in, systems of racial stratification and as well as in their anticipation of, or reaction to, youth's experience with these systems, including their own children's experiences of discrimination. Discrimination disrupts the process of achieving positive, respectful, and caring relationships with others. Thus, it has been associated empirically with a range of social adjustment indicators, including the quality of relationships with peers, adults, and the school community.
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