Although sheep and goats are important agricultural animals worldwide, they remain relatively minor species within the North American market and many veterinarians will have had limited exposure to them. In the United States and Canada, there are few licensed veterinary pharmaceutical products available for sheep and goats. Good records are necessary so that injection site reactions are not confused with lesions of caseous lymphadenitis, which is an important contagious disease of sheep and goats. Administration of antimicrobials orally via food and water for treatment of infections should be avoided. Intake is hard to control, especially in ill animals in which intake may be decreased. It is difficult to raise sheep and goats without extralabel use of antimicrobials, as sheep and goats are prone to a number of infectious diseases that require treatment to maintain herd/flock productivity and to ensure animal welfare.