Chapter 43
Evolution of Hepatitis Viruses
Peter Simmonds,
Donald B. Smith,
Peter Simmonds
Infection and Immunity Division, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Search for more papers by this authorDonald B. Smith
Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Simmonds,
Donald B. Smith,
Peter Simmonds
Infection and Immunity Division, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Search for more papers by this authorDonald B. Smith
Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Howard C. Thomas BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci,
Anna S.F. Lok MD,
Stephen A. Locarnini MBBS, BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCPath,
Arie J. Zuckerman MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci,
Howard C. Thomas BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAnna S.F. Lok MD
Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor in Hepatology, Director of Clinical Hepatology, Professor of Internal Medicine, Associate Chair for Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Search for more papers by this authorStephen A. Locarnini MBBS, BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCPath
Head, Research & Molecular Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorArie J. Zuckerman MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Medical Microbiology, Formerly Principal and Dean, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
The evolution of human hepatitis viruses A, B, C, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, and HEV) can be studied over very different time scales. Very rapid sequence change occurs in response to a variety of selection pressures driven by the immune escape from B and T cell responses and immunization and, in treated individuals, by antiviral therapy. Each shows more gradual accumulation of largely neutral nucleotide substitutions, a process that, over a much longer term period, leads ultimately to their differentiation into genetically distinct types. Thus, hepatitis A, B, C, and E viruses are currently divided into 6, 8, 7, and 4 genotypes respectively with HCV showing the greatest genetic divergence (>30% nucleotide sequence over the length of the genome) and HBV the least (11–15%). Some hepatitis viruses infect nonhuman primates (HAV and HBV) and other mammals (HEV), while HCV infections are restricted to humans. Sequence variability influences their antigenicity, their biology, and host interactions, with implications for vaccine development and antiviral therapy.
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