Chapter 3
Structure, Molecular Virology, Natural History, and Experimental Models
Gerardo G. Kaplan,
Krishnamurthy Konduru,
Mohanraj Manangeeswaran,
Jerome Jacques,
Nadia Amharref,
Siham Nakamura,
Gerardo G. Kaplan
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKrishnamurthy Konduru
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMohanraj Manangeeswaran
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJerome Jacques
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNadia Amharref
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSiham Nakamura
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGerardo G. Kaplan,
Krishnamurthy Konduru,
Mohanraj Manangeeswaran,
Jerome Jacques,
Nadia Amharref,
Siham Nakamura,
Gerardo G. Kaplan
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKrishnamurthy Konduru
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMohanraj Manangeeswaran
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJerome Jacques
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNadia Amharref
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSiham Nakamura
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Howard C. Thomas BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci,
Anna S.F. Lok MD,
Stephen A. Locarnini MBBS, BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCPath,
Arie J. Zuckerman MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci,
Howard C. Thomas BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAnna S.F. Lok MD
Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor in Hepatology, Director of Clinical Hepatology, Professor of Internal Medicine, Associate Chair for Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Search for more papers by this authorStephen A. Locarnini MBBS, BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCPath
Head, Research & Molecular Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorArie J. Zuckerman MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Medical Microbiology, Formerly Principal and Dean, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a small, naked, single-stranded, positive RNA virus that belongs to the Picornaviridae, causes acute hepatitis in humans and nonhuman primates. HAV infection typically does not induce cytopathic effect in cell culture, and disease results from an immunopathogenic process that clears the virus without leaving chronic sequelae. HAV is transmitted through the oral-fecal route, but it is unknown how it reaches the liver. The pathogenic process of HAV is poorly understood. However, recent advances in the understanding of the effects of the interaction of HAV with its cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1), which blocks the activation of T cell receptors and shuts off regulatory T cell (Treg) functions, help explain how HAV modulates the immune response to evade detection during its long incubation period and is cleared with limited liver damage. The shut-off of Treg functions may also explain the protective effect of HAV infection in the development of atopy and autoimmunity.
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