This chapter presents a series of questions and answers on malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). It also presents a case study on the MPM. The chapter commences with a discourse on the relative importance of different environmental exposures, and ends with the novel therapies and several targeted molecular agents that have been used in the treatment of MPM. It examines the best “second-line” therapy for recurrent MPM, and the treatment approach to patients with unresectable disease. The chapter describes the role for surgery in treatment of MPM, and the prognostic implications of MPM staging. In addition, it summarizes the diagnosis of mesothelioma.