Chapter 4
Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy
Past, Present, and Future
Hooman Sadri-Ardekani,
Anthony Atala,
Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony Atala
Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHooman Sadri-Ardekani,
Anthony Atala,
Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony Atala
Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Hossein Baharvand,
Nasser Aghdami,
Hossein Baharvand
Search for more papers by this authorNasser Aghdami
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Organ transplantation is the current approach to treat many patients suffering chronic diseases that lead to organ failure; however, a severe shortage of donor organs has made transplantation a less viable option as the population ages and new cases of organ failure increase. Regenerative medicine is a new field that offers novel therapies for patients with injuries, end-stage organ failure, or other clinical problems. Access to different types of stem cells and native and synthetic biomaterials, as well as therapeutic cloning and cellular reprogramming, are opening new avenues for novel therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.
References
- Carrel A and CA Lindbergh (1935). The culture of whole organs. Science 81: 621–623.
- Guild WR, JH Harrison, JP Merrill and J Murray (1955). Successful homotransplantation of the kidney in an identical twin. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 67: 167–173.
- Hasetine W (1999). A brave new medicine. A conversation with William Haseltine. Interview by Joe Flower. Health Forum Journal 42: 28–30, 61–65.
- Lanza RP, JB Cibelli and MD West (1999). Prospects for the use of nuclear transfer in human transplantation. Nature Biotechnology 17: 1171–1174.
- Lanza RP, JB Cibelli, MD West, E Dorff, C Tauer and RM Green (2001). The ethical reasons for stem cell research. Science 292: 1299.
- Chun SY, GJ Lim, TG Kwon, EK Kwak, BW Kim, A Atala and JJ Yoo (2007). Identification and characterization of bioactive factors in bladder submucosa matrix. Biomaterials 28: 4251–4256.
- Sharon JL and DA Puleo (2008). The use of N-terminal immobilization of PTH(1-34) on PLGA to enhance bioactivity. Biomaterials 29: 3137–3142.
- Kim BS, CE Baez and A Atala (2000). Biomaterials for tissue engineering. World Journal of Urology 18: 2–9.
- Tabata Y (2008). Current status of regenerative medical therapy based on drug delivery technology. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 16: 70–80.
- Yoo JJ, J Olson, A Atala and B Kim (2011). Regenerative medicine strategies for treating neurogenic bladder. International Neurourology Journal 15: 109–119.
- Ballas CB, SP Zielske and SL Gerson (2002). Adult bone marrow stem cells for cell and gene therapies: implications for greater use. Journal of Cell Biochemistry: Supplement 38: 20–28.
- McCulloch EA and JE Till (1964). Proliferation of hemopoietic colony-forming cells transplanted into irradiated mice. Radiation Research 22: 383–397.
- Jiao J and DF Chen (2008). Induction of neurogenesis in nonconventional neurogenic regions of the adult central nervous system by niche astrocyte-produced signals. Stem Cells 26: 1221–30.
- Taupin P (2006). Therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells. Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery 1: 299–303.
- Jensen UB, X Yan, C Triel, SH Woo, R Christensen and DM Owens (2008). A distinct population of clonogenic and multipotent murine follicular keratinocytes residing in the upper isthmus. Journal of Cell Science 121: 609–617.
- Nagano MC (2003). Homing efficiency and proliferation kinetics of male germ line stem cells following transplantation in mice. Biology of Reproduction 69: 701–707.
- Sadri-Ardekani H, SC Mizrak, SK van Daalen, CM Korver, HL Roepers-Gajadien, M Koruji, S Hovingh, TM de Reijke, JJ de la Rosette, et al. (2009). Propagation of human spermatogonial stem cells in vitro . Journal of the American Medical Association 302: 2127–2134.
- Crisan M, L Casteilla, L Lehr, M Carmona, A Paoloni-Giacobino, S Yap, B Sun, B Leger, A Logar, L Penicaud, et al. A reservoir of brown adipocyte progenitors in human skeletal muscle. Stem Cells 26: 2425–2433.
- Weiner LP (2008). Definitions and criteria for stem cells. Methods in Molecular Biology 438: 3–8.
- Devine SM (2002). Mesenchymal stem cells: will they have a role in the clinic? Journal of Cell Biochemistry: Supplement 38: 73–79.
- Jiang Y, BN Jahagirdar, RL Reinhardt, RE Schwartz, CD Keene, XR Ortiz-Gonzalez, M Reyes, T Lenvik, T Lund, M Blackstad, et al. (2002). Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 418: 41–49.
- Caplan AI (2007). Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. Journal of Cell Physiology 213: 341–347.
- da Silva Meirelles L, AI Caplan and NB Nardi (2008). In search of the in vivo identity of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 26: 2287–2299.
- Duan X, JH Chang, S Ge, RL Faulkner, JY Kim, Y Kitabatake, XB Liu, CH Yang, JD Jordan, DK Ma, et al. (2007). Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 regulates integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain. Cell 130: 1146–1158.
- Luttun A, JJ Ross, C Verfaillie, XL Aranguren and F Prosper (2006). Unit 22F 9. Differentiation of multipotent adult progenitor cells into functional endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Current Protocols in Immunology. DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im22f09s75.
- Mimeault M and SK Batra (2008). Recent progress on tissue-resident adult stem cell biology and their therapeutic implications. Stem Cell Reviews 4: 27–49.
- Ikeda E, K Yagi, M Kojima, T Yagyuu, A Ohshima, S Sobajima, M Tadokoro, Y Katsube, K Isoda, M Kondoh, et al. (2008). Multipotent cells from the human third molar: feasibility of cell-based therapy for liver disease. Differentiation 76: 495–505.
- Nolen-Walston RD, CF Kim, MR Mazan, EP Ingenito, AM Gruntman, L Tsai, R Boston, AE Woolfenden, T Jacks and AM Hoffman (2008). Cellular kinetics and modeling of bronchioalveolar stem cell response during lung regeneration. American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 294: L1158–L1165.
- In 't Anker PS, WA Noort, SA Scherjon, C Kleijburg-van der Keur, AB Kruisselbrink, RL van Bezooijen, W Beekhuizen, R Willemze, HH Kanhai and WE Fibbe (2003). Mesenchymal stem cells in human second-trimester bone marrow, liver, lung, and spleen exhibit a similar immunophenotype but a heterogeneous multilineage differentiation potential. Haematologica 88: 845–52.
- Wilson A, PE Butler and AM Seifalian (2011). Adipose-derived stem cells for clinical applications: a review. Cell Proliferation 44: 86–98.
- Mizuno H (2010). Adipose-derived stem and stromal cells for cell-based therapy: current status of preclinical studies and clinical trials. Current Opinions in Molecular Therapeutics 12: 442–449.
- Hristov M, A Zernecke, A Schober and C Weber (2008). Adult progenitor cells in vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis. Biological Chemistry 389: 837–844.
- Brivanlou AH, FH Gage, R Jaenisch, T Jessell, D Melton and J Rossant (2003). Stem cells. Setting standards for human embryonic stem cells. Science 300: 913–916.
- Richards M, CY Fong, WK Chan, PC Wong and A Bongso (2002). Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnology 20: 933–936.
- Amit M, C Shariki, V Margulets and J Itskovitz-Eldor (2004). Feeder layer- and serum-free culture of human embryonic stem cells. Biology of Reproduction 70: 837–845.
- Thomson JA, J Itskovitz-Eldor, SS Shapiro, MA Waknitz, JJ Swiergiel, VS Marshall and JM Jones (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282: 1145–1147.
- Reubinoff BE, MF Pera, CY Fong, A Trounson and A Bongso (2000). Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro . Nature Biotechnology 18: 399–404.
- Reubinoff BE, P Itsykson, T Turetsky, MF Pera, E Reinhartz, A Itzik and T Ben-Hur (2001). Neural progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnology 19: 1134–1140.
- Schuldiner M, R Eiges, A Eden, O Yanuka, J Itskovitz-Eldor, RS Goldstein and N Benvenisty (2001). Induced neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Brain Research 913: 201–205.
- Schuldiner M, O Yanuka, J Itskovitz-Eldor, DA Melton and N Benvenisty (2000). Effects of eight growth factors on the differentiation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97: 11307–11312.
- Zhang SC, M Wernig, ID Duncan, O Brustle and JA Thomson (2001). In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnology 19: 1129–1133.
- Kaufman DS, ET Hanson, RL Lewis, R Auerbach and JA Thomson (2001). Hematopoietic colony-forming cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 10716–10721.
- Kehat I, D Kenyagin-Karsenti, M Snir, H Segev, M Amit, A Gepstein, E Livne, O Binah, J Itskovitz-Eldor and L Gepstein (2001). Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 108: 407–414.
- Levenberg S, JS Golub, M Amit, J Itskovitz-Eldor and R Langer (2002). Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 4391–4396.
- Assady S, G Maor, M Amit, J Itskovitz-Eldor, KL Skorecki and M Tzukerman (2001). Insulin production by human embryonic stem cells. Diabetes 50: 1691–1697.
- Itskovitz-Eldor J, M Schuldiner, D Karsenti, A Eden, O Yanuka, M Amit, H Soreq and N Benvenisty (2000). Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies compromising the three embryonic germ layers. Molecular Medicine 6: 88–95.
- Wilmut I, AE Schnieke, J McWhir, AJ Kind and KH Campbell (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: 810–813.
- Cibelli JB, SL Stice, PJ Golueke, JJ Kane, J Jerry, C Blackwell, FA Ponce de Leon and JM Robl (1998). Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science 280: 1256–1258.
- Baguisi A, E Behboodi, DT Melican, JS Pollock, MM Destrempes, C Cammuso, JL Williams, SD Nims, CA Porter, P Midura, et al. (1999). Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature Biotechnology 17: 456–461.
- Wakayama T, AC Perry, M Zuccotti, KR Johnson and R Yanagimachi (1998). Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature 394: 369–374.
- Betthauser J, E Forsberg, M Augenstein, L Childs, K Eilertsen, J Enos, T Forsythe, P Golueke, G Jurgella, R Koppang, et al. (2000). Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems. Nature Biotechnology 18: 1055–1059.
- De Sousa PA, JR Dobrinsky, J Zhu, AL Archibald, A Ainslie, W Bosma, J Bowering, J Bracken, PM Ferrier, J Fletcher, et al. (2002). Somatic cell nuclear transfer in the pig: control of pronuclear formation and integration with improved methods for activation and maintenance of pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction 66: 642–650.
- Colman A and A Kind (2000). Therapeutic cloning: concepts and practicalities. Trends in Biotechnology 18: 192–6.
- Vogelstein B, B Alberts and K Shine (2002). Genetics. Please don't call it cloning! Science 295: 1237.
- Hochedlinger K, WM Rideout, M Kyba, GQ Daley, R Blelloch and R Jaenisch (2004). Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells and the potential for cell therapy. Hematology Journal 5 (Suppl 3): S114–S117.
- Rideout WM, 3rd, K Eggan and R Jaenisch (2001). Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science 293: 1093–1098.
- Solter D (2000). Mammalian cloning: advances and limitations. Nat Rev Genet 1: 199–207.
- Hochedlinger K and R Jaenisch (2002). Nuclear transplantation: lessons from frogs and mice. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14: 741–748.
- Dinnyes A, P De Sousa, T King and I Wilmut (2002). Somatic cell nuclear transfer: recent progress and challenges. Cloning Stem Cells 4: 81–90.
- Takahashi K and S Yamanaka (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126: 663–676.
- Wernig M, A Meissner, R Foreman, T Brambrink, M Ku, K Hochedlinger, BE Bernstein and R Jaenisch (2007). In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature 448: 318–324.
- Takahashi K, K Tanabe, M Ohnuki, M Narita, T Ichisaka, K Tomoda and S Yamanaka (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131: 861–872.
- Yu J, MA Vodyanik, K Smuga-Otto, J Antosiewicz-Bourget, JL Frane, S Tian, J Nie, GA Jonsdottir, V Ruotti, R Stewart, et al. (2007). Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318: 1917–1920.
- De Coppi P, G Bartsch Jr, MM Siddiqui, T Xu, CC Santos, L Perin, G Mostoslavsky, AC Serre, EY Snyder, JJ Yoo, et al. (2007). Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nature Biotechnology 25: 100–106.
- Kim BS and DJ Mooney (1998). Development of biocompatible synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Trends in Biotechnology 16: 224–230.
- Cen L, W Liu, L Cui, W Zhang and Y Cao (2008). Collagen tissue engineering: development of novel biomaterials and applications. Pediatric Research 63: 492–496.
- Yannas IV, JF Burke, PL Gordon, C Huang and RH Rubenstein (1980). Design of an artificial skin. II. Control of chemical composition. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14: 107–132.
- Yannas IV and JF Burke (1980). Design of an artificial skin. I. Basic design principles. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14: 65–81.
- Cavallaro JF, PD Kemp and KH Kraus (1994). Collagen fabrics as biomaterials. Bioengineering and Biotechnology 43: 781–791.
- Dahms SE, HJ Piechota, R Dahiya, TF Lue and EA Tanagho (1998). Composition and biomechanical properties of the bladder acellular matrix graft: comparative analysis in rat, pig and human. British Journal of Urology 82: 411–419.
- Piechota HJ, SE Dahms, LS Nunes, R Dahiya, TF Lue and EA Tanagho (1998). In vitro functional properties of the rat bladder regenerated by the bladder acellular matrix graft. Journal of Urology 159: 1717–1724.
- Yoo JJ, J Meng, F Oberpenning and A Atala (1998). Bladder augmentation using allogenic bladder submucosa seeded with cells. Urology 51: 221–225.
- Chen F, JJ Yoo and A Atala (1999). Acellular collagen matrix as a possible “off the shelf” biomaterial for urethral repair. Urology 54: 407–410.
- Probst M, R Dahiya, S Carrier and EA Tanagho (1997). Reproduction of functional smooth muscle tissue and partial bladder replacement. British Journal of Urology 79: 505–515.
- Gilding D (1981). Biodegradable Polymers. In Biocompatibility of Clinical Implant Materials, D Williams (ed.). CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL; 209–232.
- Freed LE, G Vunjak-Novakovic, RJ Biron, DB Eagles, DC Lesnoy, SK Barlow and R Langer (1994). Biodegradable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biotechnology 12: 689–693.
- Mikos AG, MD Lyman, LE Freed and R Langer (1994). Wetting of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams for tissue culture. Biomaterials 15: 55–58.
-
Harris LD, BS Kim and DJ Mooney (1998). Open pore biodegradable matrices formed with gas foaming. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 42: 396–402.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19981205)42:3<396::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-E CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Han D and PI Gouma (2006). Electrospun bioscaffolds that mimic the topology of extracellular matrix. Nanomedicine 2: 37–41.
- Choi JS, SJ Lee, GJ Christ, A Atala and JJ Yoo (2008). The influence of electrospun aligned poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes. Biomaterials 29: 2899–2906.
- Lee SJ, J Liu, SH Oh, S Soker, A Atala and JJ Yoo (2008). Development of a composite vascular scaffolding system that withstands physiological vascular conditions. Biomaterials 29: 2891–2898.
- Lee SJ, SH Oh, J Liu, S Soker, A Atala and JJ Yoo (2008). The use of thermal treatments to enhance the mechanical properties of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds. Biomaterials 29: 1422–1430.
-
Cook AD, JS Hrkach, NN Gao, IM Johnson, UB Pajvani, SM Cannizzaro and R Langer (1997). Characterization and development of RGD-peptide-modified poly(lactic acid-co-lysine) as an interactive, resorbable biomaterial. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 35: 513–523.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19970615)35:4<513::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-C CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Intveld PJA, SR Shen, GAJ Takens, PJ Dijkstra and J. Feije (1994). Glycine glycolic acid based copolymers. Journal of Polymer Science: Part A Polymer Chemistry 32: 1063–1069.
- Barrera DA, E Zylstra, PT Lansbury Jr, R. Langer (1993). Synthesis and RGD peptide modification of a new biodegradable copolymer poly (lactic acid-colysine). Journal of the American Chemical Society 115: 11010–11011.
- Zhou Q, J Brown, A Kanarek, J Rajagopal and DA Melton (2008). In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells. Nature 455: 627–632.
- Torrente Y, JP Tremblay, F Pisati, M Belicchi, B Rossi, M Sironi, F Fortunato, M El Fahime, MG D'Angelo, NJ Caron, et al. (2001). Intraarterial injection of muscle-derived CD34(+)Sca-1(+) stem cells restores dystrophin in mdx mice. Journal of Cell Biology 152: 335–348.
- Atala A, LG Cima, W Kim, KT Paige, JP Vacanti, AB Retik and CA Vacanti (1993). Injectable alginate seeded with chondrocytes as a potential treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. Journal of Urology 150: 745–747.
- Atala A, W Kim, KT Paige, CA Vacanti and AB Retik (1994). Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with a chondrocyte-alginate suspension. Journal of Urology 152: 641–643; discussion 644.
- Diamond DA and AA Caldamone (1999). Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux in children using autologous chondrocytes: preliminary results. Journal of Urology 162: 1185–1188.
- Bent AE, RT Tutrone, MT McLennan, LK Lloyd, MJ Kennelly and G Badlani (2001). Treatment of intrinsic sphincter deficiency using autologous ear chondrocytes as a bulking agent. Neurourology and Urodynamics 20: 157–165.
- Brinster RL (2007). Male germline stem cells: from mice to men. Science 316: 404–405.
- Hermann BP, M Sukhwani, F Winkler, JN Pascarella, KA Peters, Y Sheng, H Valli, M Rodriguez, M Ezzelarab, G Dargo, K Peterson, et al. (2012). Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation into rhesus testes regenerates spermatogenesis producing functional sperm. Cell Stem Cell 11: 715–726.
- Sadri-Ardekani H, MA Akhondi, F van der Veen, S Repping and AM van Pelt (2011). In vitro propagation of human prepubertal spermatogonial stem cells. JAMA 305: 2416–8.
- Atala A (2009). Engineering organs. Current Opinions in Biotechnology 20: 575–592.
- Chen F, JJ Yoo and A Atala (2000). Experimental and clinical experience using tissue regeneration for urethral reconstruction. World Journal of Urology 18: 67–70.
- Kropp BP, JK Ludlow, D Spicer, MK Rippy, SF Badylak, MC Adams, MA Keating, RC Rink, R Birhle and KB Thor (1998). Rabbit urethral regeneration using small intestinal submucosa onlay grafts. Urology 52: 138–142.
- Sievert KD, ME Bakircioglu, L Nunes, R Tu, R Dahiya and EA Tanagho (2000). Homologous acellular matrix graft for urethral reconstruction in the rabbit: histological and functional evaluation. Journal of Urology 163: 1958–1965.
- El-Kassaby AW, AB Retik, JJ Yoo and A Atala (2003). Urethral stricture repair with an off-the-shelf collagen matrix. Journal of Urology 169: 170–173; discussion 173.
- De Filippo RE, JJ Yoo and A Atala (2002). Urethral replacement using cell seeded tubularized collagen matrices. Journal of Urology 168: 1789–1792; discussion 1792–1793.
- Dorin RP, HG Pohl, RE De Filippo, JJ Yoo and A Atala (2008). Tubularized urethral replacement with unseeded matrices: what is the maximum distance for normal tissue regeneration? World Journal of Urology 26: 323–326.
- Raya-Rivera A, DR Esquiliano, JJ Yoo, E Lopez-Bayghen, S Soker and A Atala (2011). Tissue-engineered autologous urethras for patients who need reconstruction: an observational study. Lancet 377: 1175–1182.
- Atala A, MR Freeman, JP Vacanti, J Shepard and AB Retik (1993). Implantation in vivo and retrieval of artificial structures consisting of rabbit and human urothelium and human bladder muscle. Journal of Urology 150: 608–112.
- Oberpenning F, J Meng, JJ Yoo and A Atala (1999). De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nature Biotechnology 17: 149–155.
- Jayo MJ, D Jain, JW Ludlow, R Payne, BJ Wagner, G McLorie and TA Bertram (2008). Long-term durability, tissue regeneration and neo-organ growth during skeletal maturation with a neo-bladder augmentation construct. Regenerative Medicine 3: 671–682.
- Jayo MJ, D Jain, BJ Wagner and TA Bertram (2008). Early cellular and stromal responses in regeneration versus repair of a mammalian bladder using autologous cell and biodegradable scaffold technologies. Journal of Urology 180: 392–397.
- Atala A, SB Bauer, S Soker, JJ Yoo and AB Retik (2006). Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 367: 1241–1246.
- Matsumura G, S Miyagawa-Tomita, T Shin'oka, Y Ikada and H Kurosawa (2003). First evidence that bone marrow cells contribute to the construction of tissue-engineered vascular autografts in vivo. Circulation 108: 1729–1734.
- Watanabe M, T Shin'oka, S Tohyama, N Hibino, T Konuma, G Matsumura, Y Kosaka, T Ishida, Y Imai, M Yamakawa, et al. (2001). Tissue-engineered vascular autograft: inferior vena cava replacement in a dog model. Tissue Engineering 7: 429–439.
- Shinoka T, CK Breuer, RE Tanel, G Zund, T Miura, PX Ma, R Langer, JP Vacanti and JE Mayer Jr (1995). Tissue engineering heart valves: valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 60: S513–S516.
- Shinoka T, D Shum-Tim, PX Ma, RE Tanel, N Isogai, R Langer, JP Vacanti and JE Mayer Jr (1998). Creation of viable pulmonary artery autografts through tissue engineering. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 115: 536–545; discussion 545–546.
- Shinoka T, D Shum-Tim, PX Ma, RE Tanel, R Langer, JP Vacanti and JE Mayer Jr (1997). Tissue-engineered heart valve leaflets: does cell origin affect outcome? Circulation 96: II- 102–107.
- Shin'oka T, Y Imai and Y Ikada (2001). Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery. New England Journal of Medicine 344: 532–533.
- L'Heureux N, TN McAllister and LM de la Fuente (2007). Tissue-engineered blood vessel for adult arterial revascularization. New England Journal of Medicine 357: 1451–1453.
- McAllister TN, M Maruszewski, SA Garrido, W Wystrychowski, N Dusserre, A Marini, K Zagalski, A Fiorillo, H Avila, X Manglano, J Antonelli, A Kocher, M Zembala, L Cierpka, LM de la Fuente and N L'Heureux (2009). Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissue-engineered vascular graft: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet 373: 1440–1446.
- Fuchs JR, S Terada, ER Ochoa, JP Vacanti and DO Fauza (2002). Fetal tissue engineering: in utero tracheal augmentation in an ovine model. J Pediatr Surg 37: 1000–1006; discussion 1000–1006.
- Macchiarini P, P Jungebluth, T Go, MA Asnaghi, LE Rees, TA Cogan, A Dodson, J Martorell, S Bellini, PP Parnigotto, et al. (2008). Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway. Lancet 372: 2023–2030.
- Auchincloss H and JV Bonventre (2002). Transplanting cloned cells into therapeutic promise. Nature Biotechnology 20: 665–666.
- Amiel GE and A Atala (1999). Current and future modalities for functional renal replacement. Urologic Clinics of North America 26: 235–246, xi.
- Lanza RP, HY Chung, JJ Yoo, PJ Wettstein, C Blackwell, N Borson, E Hofmeister, G Schuch, S Soker, CT Moraes, et al. (2002). Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation. Nature Biotechnology 20: 689–696.
- Nakase Y, T Nakamura, S Kin, S Nakashima, T Yoshikawa, Y Kuriu, K Miyagawa, C Sakakura, E Otsuji, Y Ikada, et al. (2007). Endocrine cell and nerve regeneration in autologous in situ tissue-engineered small intestine. Journal of Surgical Research 137: 61–68.
- Auger FA, F Berthod, V Moulin, R Pouliot and L Germain (2004). Tissue-engineered skin substitutes: from in vitro constructs to in vivo applications. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 39: 263–275.
- Suuronen EJ, CR McLaughlin, PK Stys, M Nakamura, R Munger and M Griffith (2004). Functional innervation in tissue engineered models for in vitro study and testing purposes. Toxicological Sciences 82: 525–533.
- Burdick JA, M Ward, E Liang, MJ Young and R Langer (2006). Stimulation of neurite outgrowth by neurotrophins delivered from degradable hydrogels. Biomaterials 27: 452–459.
- Popel AS (1989). Theory of oxygen transport to tissue. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 17: 257–321.
- Muschler GF, C Nakamoto and LG Griffith (2004). Engineering principles of clinical cell-based tissue engineering. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American 86-A: 1541–1558.
- Risau W (1997). Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386: 671–674.
- Khong YM, J Zhang, S Zhou, C Cheung, K Doberstein, V Samper and H Yu (2007). Novel intra-tissue perfusion system for culturing thick liver tissue. Tissue Engineering 13: 2345–56.
- Iyer RK, M Radisic, C Cannizzaro and G Vunjak-Novakovic (2007). Synthetic oxygen carriers in cardiac tissue engineering. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobilization Biotechnology 35: 135–148.
- Radisic M, H Park, F Chen, JE Salazar-Lazzaro, Y Wang, R Dennis, R Langer, LE Freed and G Vunjak-Novakovic (2006). Biomimetic approach to cardiac tissue engineering: oxygen carriers and channeled scaffolds. Tissue Engineering 12: 2077–2091.
- Harrison BS, D Eberli, SJ Lee, A Atala and JJ Yoo (2007). Oxygen producing biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 28: 4628–4634.
- Tsang VL and SN Bhatia (2007). Fabrication of three-dimensional tissues. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 103: 189–205.
- Ott HC, TS Matthiesen, SK Goh, LD Black, SM Kren, TI Netoff and DA Taylor (2008). Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nature Medicine 14: 213–221.
- Baptista PM, MM Siddiqui, G Lozier, SR Rodriguez, A Atala and S Soker (2010). The use of whole organ decellularization for the generation of a vascularized liver organoid. Hepatology 53: 604–617.
- Nahmias Y, RE Schwartz, CM Verfaillie and DJ Odde (2005). Laser-guided direct writing for three-dimensional tissue engineering. Bioengineering and Biotechnology 92: 129–136.
- Xu T, J Jin, C Gregory, JJ Hickman and T Boland (2005). Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells. Biomaterials 26: 93–99.
- Xu T, JL Olson, W Zhao, J Zhu, JJ Yoo and A Atala (2008). Characterization of cell constructs generated with inkjet printing technology using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Manufuring Science Engineering 130: 021013.
- Stankus JJ, L Soletti, K Fujimoto, Y Hong, DA Vorp and WR Wagner (2007). Fabrication of cell microintegrated blood vessel constructs through electrohydrodynamic atomization. Biomaterials 28: 2738–2746.
- Landman KA and AQ Cai (2007). Cell proliferation and oxygen diffusion in a vascularising scaffold. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 69: 2405–2428.
- Nomi M, A Atala, PD Coppi and S Soker (2002). Principals of neovascularization for tissue engineering. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 23: 463–83.
- Sellaro TL, AK Ravindra, DB Stolz and SF Badylak (2007). Maintenance of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell phenotype in vitro using organ-specific extracellular matrix scaffolds. Tissue Engineering 13: 2301–2310.
- Lutolf MP, PM Gilbert and HM Blau (2009). Designing materials to direct stem-cell fate. Nature 462: 433–441.
