Coinage
Barbara Burrell
Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Burrell
Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Burrell
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
There are few documents to explain how a system of coinages developed and operated across the Roman Empire, but the coins themselves and their find contexts, where published and correctly interpreted, can show how a system developed under Julius Caesar and Augustus became dominant quickly over the western provinces and incrementally over the East. The center controlled the issue of gold and silver but allowed leeway to provincial mints to produce silver of eastern denominations and to cities to mint low value fiduciary bronze coins. After the political and economic changes of the mid-third century led to mistrust of silver-alloy coinages, the civic bronze that depended on it disappeared, and new systems that were meant to cover the entire empire were introduced after 275 ce .
REFERENCES
- Abdy , Richard . 2012a . “ The Severans .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 499 – 513 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Abdy , Richard . 2012b . “ Tetrarchy and the house of Constantine .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 584 – 600 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Amandry , Michel . 2014 . “ Monnayages civiques de Cilicie frappés sous Hadrien .” In First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25–28 February 2013, Antalya – Proceedings , edited by Kayhan Dörtlük , Oğuz Tekin , and Remziye Boyraz Seyhan , 7 – 12 . İstanbul : Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations .
-
Ariel , Donald T.
2016
. “
Coins from a small country: How excavated coins are managed in Israel, from the dig to the bookshelf
.” In
Les monnaies de fouille du monde grec (VIe-Ier siècle a.C.): apports, approches et méthodes
, edited by
Frédérique Duyrat
and
Catherine Grandjean
,
99
–
111
.
Pessac
:
Ausonius
.
10.4000/books.ausonius.19415 Google Scholar
- Arslan , Melih . 2014 . “ Iuliopolis Nekropolü Kharon Sikkeleri .” In First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25–28 February 2013, Antalya – Proceedings , edited by Kayhan Dörtlük , Oğuz Tekin , and Remziye Boyraz Seyhan , 13 – 24 . İstanbul : Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations .
- Ashmolean Museum . 2019 . “ Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project .” Accessed 6 February. http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk
- Beckmann , Martin . 2012 . “ Trajan and Hadrian .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 405 – 422 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Bland , Roger 2012 . “ From Gordian III to the Gallic Empire .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 514 – 537 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
-
Burnett , Andrew
.
2005
. “
The Roman West and the Roman East
.” In
Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces
, edited by
Christopher Howgego
,
Volker Heuchert
, and
Andrew Burnett
,
171
–
180
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
10.1093/oso/9780199265268.003.0021 Google Scholar
-
Burrell , Barbara
.
2007
. “
A hoard of minimi from Sardis and the currency of the fifth century C.E
.”
Revue Numismatique
,
163
:
235
–
282
.
10.3406/numi.2007.2831 Google Scholar
- Butcher , Kevin . 1988 . Roman Provincial Coins: An Introduction to the “Greek Imperials.” London : Seaby .
- Butcher , Kevin . 2004 . Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC–AD 253 . London : Royal Numismatic Society .
-
Butcher , Kevin
.
2005
. “
Information, legitimation, or self-legitimation? Popular and elite designs on the coin types of Syria
.” In
Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces
, edited by
Christopher Howgego
,
Volker Heuchert
, and
Andrew Burnett
,
143
–
156
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
10.1093/oso/9780199265268.003.0017 Google Scholar
- Butcher , Kevin . 2014 . “ Lycian drachms and the monetary system of the Roman Empire .” In First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25–28 February 2013, Antalya – Proceedings , edited by Kayhan Dörtlük , Oğuz Tekin , and Remziye Boyraz Seyhan , 111 – 116 . İstanbul : Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations .
-
Butcher , Kevin
.
2016
. “
Coin finds and the monetary economy: The good, the bad, and the irrelevant
.” In
Les monnaies de fouille du monde grec (VIe-Ier siècle a.C.): apports, approches et méthodes
, edited by
Frédérique Duyrat
and
Catherine Grandjean
,
225
–
237
.
Pessac
:
Ausonius
.
10.4000/books.ausonius.19493 Google Scholar
-
Butcher , Kevin
, and
Matthew Ponting
.
1995
. “
Rome and the East. Production of Roman provincial silver coinage for Caesarea in Cappadocia under Vespasian, AD 69–79
.”
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
,
14
:
63
–
77
.
10.1111/j.1468-0092.1995.tb00056.x Google Scholar
- Butcher , Kevin , and Matthew Ponting . 2009 . “ The silver coinage of Roman Syria under the Julio-Claudian emperors .” Levant , 41 : 61 – 80 .
- Butcher , Kevin , and Matthew Ponting . 2014 . The Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Carradice , Ian , and M. Cowell . 1987 . “ The minting of Roman Imperial bronze coins for circulation in the East: Vespasian to Trajan .” Numismatic Chronicle , 147 : 26 – 50 .
- Chameroy , Jérémie . 2014 . “ Frappes et trouvailles de monnaies civiques sous l'Empire romain: une confrontation .” In First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25–28 February 2013, Antalya – Proceedings , edited by Kayhan Dörtlük , Oğuz Tekin , and Remziye Boyraz Seyhan , 157 – 169 . İstanbul : Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations .
- Corcoran , Simon . 2000 . The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324 , rev. ed . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
-
Crawford , M. H.
1983
. “
Roman imperial coin types and the formation of public opinion
.” In
Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson
, edited by
C. N. L. Brooke
,
B. H. I. H. Stewart
,
J. G. Pollard
, and
T. R. Volk
,
47
–
64
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
10.1017/CBO9780511562389.007 Google Scholar
-
de Callataÿ , François
.
2016
. “
De quoi les monnaies grecques trouvees en fouilles sont-elles le reflet? Propos diachroniques de methode
.” In
Les monnaies de fouille du monde grec (VIe-Ier siècle a.C.): apports, approches et méthodes
, edited by
Frederique Duyrat
and
Catherine Grandjean
,
239
–
261
.
Pessac
:
Ausonius
.
10.4000/books.ausonius.19501 Google Scholar
-
Duncan-Jones , Richard
.
1994
.
Money and Government in the Roman Empire
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
10.1017/CBO9780511552632 Google Scholar
- Estiot , Sylviane . 2012 . “ The later third century .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 538 – 560 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
-
Evans , Jane DeRose
.
2013
. “
Coins and the archaeology of the Roman Republic
.” In
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic
, edited by
Jane DeRose Evans
,
110
–
122
.
Chichester
:
Wiley Blackwell
.
10.1002/9781118557129.ch7 Google Scholar
- Evans , Jane DeRose . 2018 . Coins from the Excavations at Sardis: Their Archaeological and Economic Contexts. Coins from the 1973 to 2013 Excavations . Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monograph 13. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Flannery , Kent V. 1973 . “ Archaeology with a capital ‘S’ .” In Research and Theory in Current Archaeology , edited by Charles L. Redman , 47 – 58 . New York : Wiley .
- Giessen , Angelo . 2012 . “ The coinage of Roman Egypt .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 561 – 583 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Harl , Kenneth W. 1986 . Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East, A.D. 180–275 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
-
Harl , Kenneth W.
1996
.
Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700
.
Baltimore
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
.
10.56021/9780801852916 Google Scholar
-
Heuchert , Volker
.
2005
. “
The chronological development of Roman provincial coin iconography
.” In
Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces
, edited by
Christopher Howgego
,
Volker Heuchert
, and
Andrew Burnett
,
29
–
56
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
10.1093/oso/9780199265268.003.0008 Google Scholar
-
Hopkins , Keith
.
2002
. “
Rome, taxes, rents and trade
.” In
The Ancient Economy
, edited by
Walter Scheidel
and
Sitta von Reden
,
190
–
230
.
Edinburgh
:
Edinburgh University Press
.
10.1515/9781474472326-016 Google Scholar
- Howgego , Christopher . 1992 . “ The supply and use of money in the Roman world, 200 B.C. to A.D. 300 .” Journal of Roman Studies , 82 : 1 – 31 .
-
Howgego , Christopher
.
1994
. “
Coin circulation and the integration of the Roman economy
.”
Journal of Roman Archaeology
,
7
:
5
–
21
.
10.1017/S1047759400012472 Google Scholar
- Howgego , Christopher . 2014 . “ Questions of coin circulation in the Roman period .” In First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25–28 February 2013, Antalya – Proceedings , edited by Kayhan Dörtlük , Oğuz Tekin , and Remziye Boyraz Seyhan , 307 – 317 . İstanbul : Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations .
- Johnston , Ann . 2012 . “ The provinces after Commodus .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 453 – 467 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Jones , Tom B. 1963 . “ A numismatic riddle: The so-called Greek imperials .” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 107 : 308 – 347 .
-
Katsari , Constantina
.
2011
.
The Roman Monetary System: The Eastern Provinces from the First to the Third Century AD
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
10.1017/CBO9780511975189 Google Scholar
- Lempereur , Olivier , and Maryse Blei-Lemarquand . 2017 . “ Les frappes de deniers impériaux à Alexandrie à la fin du IIe. siècle ap. J.-C.: premiers résultats d'analyses .” In XV International Numismatic Congress, Taormina, 2015: Proceedings . Vol. 2 , edited by Maria Caccamo Caltabiano , 762 – 766 . Rome : Arbor Sapientiae .
-
Levick , Barbara
.
1982
. “
Propaganda and the imperial coinage
.”
Antichthon
,
16
:
104
–
116
.
10.1017/S0066477400002999 Google Scholar
-
Lo Cascio , Elio
.
2008
. “
The function of gold coinage in the monetary economy of the Roman Empire
.” In
The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans
, edited by
W. V. Harris
,
160
–
173
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233359.003.0009 Google Scholar
- Lockyear , Kris . 1999 . “ Hoard structure and coin production in antiquity: An empirical investigation .” Numismatic Chronicle , 159 : 215 – 243 .
- Lockyear , Kris . 2012 . “ Dating coins, dating with coins .” Oxford Journal of Archaeology , 31 : 191 – 211 .
- Lönnqvist , Kenneth . 2008 . “ The tax law of Palmyra and the introduction of the Roman monetary system to Syria – A re-evaluation .” In Jebel Bishri in Context: Introduction to the Archaeological Studies and the Neighbourhood of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria , edited by Minna Lönnqvist , British Archaeological Reports International Series 1817, 73 – 88 . Oxford : Archaeopress .
- Macro , A.D. 1976 . “ Imperial provisions for Pergamum: OGIS 484 .” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies , 17 , no. 2 : 169 – 179 .
- Metcalf , William E. 1980 . The Cistophori of Hadrian . American Numismatic Society Numismatic Studies 15. New York : American Numismatic Society .
- Metcalf , William E. 1988 . “ The Severan ‘cistophori’ .” Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini , 90 : 155 – 166 .
- Millar , Fergus . 1977 . The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC–AD 337) . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
- Mitthof , Fritz . 2014 . “ Reichs- und Lokalwährung im römischen Kleinasien: Das Zeugnis der Inschriften .” In Der Beitrag Kleinasiens zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte der Griechisch-Römischen Antike: Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums, Wien, 3.–5. November 2010 , edited by Josef Fischer and Elisabeth Trinkl , 295 – 300 . Vienna : Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften .
- Neumann , Kristina , and John Wallrodt . 2017 . “ The third side of the coin .” Digital Classics Online , 3 , no. 3 : 37 – 60 .
- Neumann , Kristina Marie . 2015 . Mapping the Transformation of Roman Antioch: The Coin Evidence . (PhD dissertation, University of Cincinnati).
- Ponting , Matthew J. 2012 . “ The substance of coinage: The role of scientific analysis in ancient numismatics .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 12 – 30 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Ripollès , Pere P. 2012 . “ The ancient coinages of the Iberian Peninsula .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 356 – 374 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Schwei , David . 2016 . The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 . (PhD dissertation, University of Cincinnati).
- Schwei , David . 2017 . “ Exchange rates, Neronian silver standards, and a long-term plan to unify the Empire's mints .” Numismatic Chronicle , 177 : 107 – 134 .
- Stroobants , Fran . 2014 . “ The production of civic coins in third-century Pisidia and Pamphylia: Mapping regional trends and urban deviations .” In First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25–28 February 2013, Antalya – Proceedings , edited by Kayhan Dörtlük , Oğuz Tekin , and Remziye Boyraz Seyhan , 541 – 558 . İstanbul : Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations .
- Watson , George Christopher . 2021 . “ The development and spread of die sharing in the Roman provincial coinage of Asia Minor .” American Journal of Archaeology , 125 : 123 – 142 .
- Weiss , Peter . 2005 . “ The cities and their money .” In Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces , edited by Christopher Howgego , Volker Heuchert , and Andrew Burnett , 57 – 68 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Wolters , Reinhard . 2006 . “ Geldverkehr, Geldtransporte und Geldbuchungen in römischer Republik und Kaiserzeit. Das Zeugnis der schriftlichen Quellen .” Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie , 152 : 23 – 49 .
- Yarrow , Liv Mariah . 2012 . “ Antonine coinage .” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage , edited by William E. Metcalf , 423 – 452 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Zając , Barbara . 2017 . “ Circulation of Trajan's silver Greek imperial coins struck in Lycia and Cappadocia in the light of coin finds in Europe .” In XV International Numismatic Congress, Taormina, 2015: Proceedings . Vol. 2 , edited by Maria Caccamo Caltabiano , 967 – 970 . Rome : Arbor Sapientiae .